10th World Studies 4.2.18 Today’s Agenda: SRP “Stuff” Turn in: Nothing Take out : Planner/Calendar Notes Textbook Today’s Learning Objectives: I can understand how different leaders changed the power structure in Europe following WWI. Today’s Agenda: SRP “Stuff” The Rise of Dictators Japan: Hirohito & Tojo HW: In Class CRA “A Justification of Japanese Expansionism”

Sophomore Research Project Keep in mind a few things I explained prior to RD submission (21): Be clear about the expectations around citations, works cited, and use of evidence…I will check. If you are outside the word count expectations, you’re at the back of the line (if I can get to you prior to break…) How might we be able to add to our word count fairly easily??? Add EVIDENCE! If you do this you add to your word count… Then you have to provide analysis…which adds to your word count… There’s a reason I ask (force) you to gather more evidence than you think you will ever use!

Hirohito, Tojo, and the rise of Japan

Japan becomes an Imperial Power Japan was a “feudal state” 1853: Matthew Perry forces the Japanese to open trade or face war 1868: Traditional government falls apart and the Meiji Era begins—period of “Westernization” Sends ½ of the government to learn from the Western world See Manchester (England) and realize the importance of Industrialization ½ stays in Japan Invade Korea

So Japan began to modernize—in 50 years it went from a medieval society to a modern, industrialized society! That’s a pretty rapid change!!!

Another Island Nation… I wonder what could happen…

A new constitution is formed Japanese officials that were in the West learned about constitutions Took ideas from the Prussian Constitution Meiji Constitution Emperor at the top Military answers only to the emperor (and in future will help rule) In the 1920-30’s Great Depression and Government Corruption lead to the military appointing a “Prime Minister” to rule with Emperor 1920-30’s all Prime Ministers are being assassinated so there is fear for a non-military prime minister to be in charge

The Treaty of Versailles Japanese officials upset land claims not all recognized. Believed the issue stemmed from racial motivations—US would not agree to racial equality (in particular treatment of Japanese immigrants within the US…) Not largely impacted by the damage of WWI as Europe—quicker economic recovery… Had a financial crisis in 1927, which may have insulated them from the larger effects of the world-wide depression through reform instituted prior the Great Depression 1920-30’s all Prime Ministers are being assassinated so there is fear for a non-military prime minister to be in charge

Emperor Hirohito (Showa) 1926 he becomes the Emperor Grandson of Meiji Appoints Tojo as Prime Minister

Hideki Tojo Though Japan had an emperor, the military had taken control of the government (Crisis?!?) Emperor Hirohito could not stand up to the powerful generals, but he was worshipped by the people, who often fought in his name Industrialization of Japan, lending to a drive for raw materials – how do you get raw materials? IMPERIALISM Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China (the League of Nations did nothing) Hideki Tojo, Military Leader of Japan Hirohito, Emperor of Japan

Tojo Hideki Tojo believed in the Racial Superiority of the Japanese people, especially over the Chinese. He was also ultra-nationalistic as well as very militaristic. He wanted to expand the Japanese empire throughout the Pacific Rim.

Tojo’s Rise to Power Joined the Japanese army • His military service included periods in Switzerland and Germany •Became “major general” in 1933 • Became head of the Kwantung Army military police in 1935 • He was appointed minister of war in 1941 by Fumimaro Kondoye A strong supporter of Nazi Germany • He feared long term plans of Joseph Stalin Advocated pre-emptive air strikes on both China and the Soviet Union Executed for charges of being a war criminal in 1948

Post WWI Japan Japan is facing economic depression and large population People of Japan (and China…) cannot go across the Pacific, instead sent to Manchuria Exclusion Acts Looking for markets to sell their industrialized goods Europe and Africa are taken by Europeans When Britain pulls out of China, Japan tries to take over Pan Asianism: “Asia is one” People of Japan cannot go across the Pacific, instead sent to Manchuria : 1923-Exclusion Act

Pan Asianism: “Asia is one” Japan reminds Asians that Asia is larger and higher populated than Europe Japan claims that they are the “true” Asians and unless culture has reached Asia, it must not be fully Asian To be “fully Asian” (according to Japanese) you must be controlled by the Japanese In other words: The Japanese believed they were helping the people they imperialized

Unless “culture” made it all the way up to Japan, the Japanese did not believe it was really “Asian”

Military and Political ideologies Invasion is necessary “Korea is a dagger aimed into the heart of Japan” Jacob Meckel (Prussian General, advisor to Meiji government) To protect Japan you must control Korea To protect Korea you must control Manchuria To protect Manchuria you must control China If they resist you must force them!

Another Island Nation… I wonder what could happen…

John Dower—historian, professor emeritus MIT. When Japanese troops moved forward to take in all of Northern China ... the world began to take seriously a document written by a Japanese Prime Minister in 1928 and discovered by China in 1931 – the Tanaka Memorial, a huge plan of world conquest going as far as India, Asia and Europe. (Pearl Harbor?) (Hoax?) John Dower—historian, professor emeritus MIT.

Aggression in Asia 1931—Japan Invades Manchuria Japan leaves the League of Nations By 1938, Japan has control of major cities along Chinese coast

The (Rape of) Massacre of Nanjing (Nanking)

In December 1937, the Japanese swept into the city of Nanking.

In six to eight weeks they killed over 300,000 people. That’s between 37,500-50,000 people per week: or eliminating the population of Puyallup to Kirkland weekly… That’s between 5,357-7,142 people per day: or the eliminating the population of North Bend or Chehalis That’s between 223-297 people per hour: or the eliminating the population of 4 or 5 SS/LA block classes That’s between 3.72-4.96 people per minute: or the eliminating the population of About a table group in this room…

Women were targeted. They were abused and raped Women were targeted. They were abused and raped. In fact, this even is not known as the massacre of Nanking…

It is known as the Rape of Nanking—because the city and its women were literally “taken” and abused terribly.

Japanese soldiers sent home pictures of their atrocities Japanese soldiers sent home pictures of their atrocities. They did this to “show off” or “brag.” Therefore, we do have many pictures about what happened.

Japanese soldiers themselves photographed and documented the brutal raping of thousands of Chinese women, the bayoneting of infants for sport, and the rampant slaughter of the population. As a placard at the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall simply states, "The Chinese people suffered greatly." The perspective of a history is important

Please CRA “A Justification of Japanese Expansionism” As you read prepare analysis of these points (and others of your choosing…): What “options” were described by the author, and how was Japan and other nations able to deal with these “options?” How would you compare the ideals put forth in this argument for Imperialism in relation to those of the “Western Democracies?”