Wed 12/6: Religion (Unit 3b) 3b Essential Questions: Where are religions distributed? Why do religions have different distributions Why do religions organize space in distinctive patterns? Why do territorial conflicts arise among religious groups? H.W.) Due Fri: Guided Reading 3b # 10-13; Quiz on Religion (what we’ve covered in class)

Religion (3b) Christianity + the Cultural Landscape

The Cultural Landscape The cultural landscape is the visible expression of human activity in a place. Contains valuable evidence about a culture. Often it involves modification of landscape by human activity. Cultures use, alter, + manipulate landscapes to reflect their identity. Most of “built landscape” (things we actually construct) is embedded within the cultural landscape, some of built landscape is not part of the cultural landscape (part of our culture, but we don’t make it)

How is religion seen in the cultural landscape? Obvious ways? Sacred sites (places or spaces people infuse with religious meaning) Less obvious ways? Absence of things (liquor stores), certain types of food not being sold (Middle East – no pork; No beef in India. Food taboos)

Christian Churches More critical than in other religions. Why? Affects landscape Usually tall, centrally located Style reflects: Availability of resources cultural influences Catholic= Roman classical styling, Renaissance Art Orthodox = Greek pointed onion domes, mosaics beliefs Catholic reflect power of faith, authority of church = Gothic Cathedrals veneration of saints, crucifix Protestant = simple, protest against corruption of church, don’t ask saints for intercession, crucifix = idolatry Orthodox cross

Protestant Reformation: 1517; 16th Century in Europe (Germany) Martin Luther fed up with R.C.C. Corrupt leaders + extravagant spending on military, the arts + personal pleasure Corrupt popes - fathering children, pursuing worldly affairs + neglecting spiritual duties. Priests breaking vows (drinking, gambling) Taking $ from poor - Ex. Corrupt practice of selling indulgences (pardons for sins)

Luther’s 95 Theses 1517: Martin Luther challenges RCC: “95 Theses” - public stand against corrupt practice of selling indulgences (selling pardons so people “buy their way into heaven”) + taking $ from poor. Becomes foundation of Protestant Ref - “Faith alone, and not deeds, would lead to salvation.” Leads to founding of denominations that did not accept the pope’s authority. Luther’s teachings: (1) Win salvation by faith in God alone; (2) All Church teachings based on words of Bible; (3) All people with faith are equal.

Christianity Calendar Disposal of the Dead Holidays relate to life of Jesus = Universalizing! Easter Christmas But, still connected to Jewish/pagan seasonal holidays Jesus was a Jew Syncretic appeal to win pagan converts Ex. “Christmas” = Dec 25th Roman festival “Saturnalia” = gifts, green Scandinavian pagan = yule Differences between branches Catholic use “Gregorian” Orthodox use “Julian” Burial Cemeteries (-) Use valuable land, esp. in areas w/ overpop. + need for more farmland. (+) Serve as green space in newly industrializing cities reflect religion on the cultural landscape can be repositories of history + culture spaces 4 memorialization

Administration of space Catholic hierarchy creates “territories” Archdioceses, dioceses, parishes

Other effects on landscape toponyms