Integration by Substitution

The chain rule allows us to differentiate a wide variety of functions, but we are able to find antiderivatives for only a limited range of functions? We can sometimes use substitution or change of variable to rewrite functions in a form that we can integrate.

The Substitution Method WARNING!!! NOT SO EASY!

Example 1: The variable of integration must match the variable in the expression. Don’t forget to substitute the value for u back into the problem!

Example 2: One of the clues that we look for is if we can find a function and its derivative in the integral. The derivative of is . Note that this only worked because of the 2x in the original. Many integrals can not be done by substitution.

Example 3: Solve for dx.

Example 4:

Example 5: We solve for because we can find it in the integral.

Example 6:

The technique is a little different for definite integrals. Example 7: The technique is a little different for definite integrals. new limit We can find new limits, and then we don’t have to substitute back. new limit We could have substituted back and used the original limits.

Wrong! The limits don’t match! Example 7 continued: Using the original limits: Leave the limits out until you substitute back. Wrong! The limits don’t match! This is usually more work than finding new limits

Example 8: Don’t forget to use the new limits.