Unit 2 Exploration and Colonization What happens when different cultures first meet? Teacher Notes The Big Idea: What happens when different cultures first meet? Unit 2 Exploration and Colonization

Spaniards Reach the Americas Lesson 1 The World Expands Lesson 2 Spaniards Reach the Americas Lesson 3 Spanish Exploration & Conquest Lesson 4 Spain’s Overseas Empire Lesson 5 Searching for the Northwest Passage Click on a Lesson. Lesson 6 The First French Colonies Lessons

The World Expands PREVIEW Lesson 1 Vocabulary How did events in Europe affect exploration? profit merchant barter navigation Teacher Notes Visual Preview: How did events in Europe affect exploration?

The World Expands MC 1 The Vikings (Norse) were the first Europeans to arrive. MC 2 Paper money and gunpowder were items never seen by Marco Polo and his family before they reached Asia. SA The Silk Road was the only trade route from Europe to Asia from A. D. 100 until the 1300s. FILL A merchant is a person who makes their living buying and selling goods. FILL Merchants want to make a profit which is the money that remains after the costs of running a business. Teacher Notes Fighting among themselves, many African nations were weakened and Europeans began enslaving Africans.

The World Expands FILL To barter is to exchange goods for other goods rather than money. MC 3 In African kingdoms salt was bartered for gold because it was just as valuable. MC 4 Prince Henry started a school for sailors so they could sail along the western coast of Africa to reach Asia. FILL Navigation is finding direction and following routes at sea. Teacher Notes Prince Henry from Portugal believed that ships could sail south along the western coast of Africa to reach Asia. He wanted to find new sea routes to Africa to increase Portugal’s wealth. He set up a school where experts worked on navigation. Before these new developments, sailors rarely left sight of land. FILL The development of a new ship, the caravel, with both square and triangle-shaped sails, allowed the ship to change direction and catch the wind more easily.

Spaniards Reach the Americas PREVIEW Lesson 2 How did Spanish explorers change the Americas? Vocabulary expedition colony Columbian Exchange Teacher Notes Visual Preview: How did Spanish explorers change the Americas?

Spaniards Reach the Americas Columbus believed he landed in the Indies; however, Amerigo Vespucci was the first to believe that America was a new land. As a result, America was named for him by a German geographer in 1507 when he labeled the new land. Teacher Notes Taínos contributed the following English words: keys (tropical islands) hammock hurricane potato savanna

Spaniards Reach the Americas Christopher Columbus went on an expedition which is a journey with a special purpose. He wanted to get to the Indies faster. MC 5 On his expedition, Columbus kept two logs: one with the exact distances the ships sailed and one with shorter distances in order to mislead other explorers. No one would pay for his trip going in the “wrong” direction (west) until the King and Queen of Spain offered. Columbus thought he landed in the Indies, but he actually landed in the Bahamas (San Salvador). He did NOT get where he was going. The Native Americans he met there Columbus called the Taíno “Indios” because he believed he had reached the Indies. On Columbus’s future journeys he wanted to set up a colony for Spain. A colony is a settlement far from the country that rules it. Teacher Notes Columbus was looking for a sea route to Asia when he landed in the Central america. This began the Columbian Exchange of food, animals, and tools between the Americas and Europe.

Spaniards Reach the Americas The Columbian Exchange was the movement of animals, plants, and disease across the Atlantic Ocean. Unfortunately, the Europeans also brought germs and diseases. This was killing millions of Native Americans by the 1600s. Teacher Notes Opinions of Christopher Columbus have changed. At first he was “Admiral of the Ocean Sea,” hailed as a visionary sailor and heroic explorer. Recently, historians have considered his voyages from the perspective of Native Americans.

Spanish Exploration and Conquest PREVIEW Lesson 3 Vocabulary How did the arrival of Spanish explorers change Native American empires? empire conquistador Teacher Notes Visual Preview: How did the arrival of Spanish explorers change Native American empires?

Spanish Exploration and Conquest MC 10 Montezuma was the leader of the Aztec empire. MC 11 Spain’s desire for wealth (gold) was the main reason they wanted to conquer the Aztec and Inca Empires. Teacher Notes Aztecs Hernán Cortés brought more than 500 conquistadors, conquerors, when he landed in Mexico. He scared many of the Aztec because they had never heard guns fired or seen horses. Cortés and his men went to Tenochtitlán, where they captured Moctezuma II, the Aztec leader. Cortés then demanded gold for ransom. Moctezuma was killed. The Spanish lost, but they left behind smallpox, which killed more than 100,000 Aztec. Cortés and his men returned and destroyed Tenochtitlán. Mexico City now stands on its ruins.   Incas Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa. The Inca Ruler offered him a huge room full of gold, but Pizarro took the gold and killed the ruler. The Inca Empire was one of the wealthiest in the world. It was successful because the empire was linked by highways. Tenochtitlan = Mexico City

Spanish Exploration and Conquest In South America lived the Inca. They were the wealthiest empire in the world at the time. The Inca empire was 2,500 miles long that was linked together by a system of paved roads or “highways.” Messengers were able to carry important information by RUNNING 50 miles a day! Gold = “sweat of the sun” Silver = “tears of the moon” Teacher Notes Aztecs Hernán Cortés brought more than 500 conquistadors, conquerors, when he landed in Mexico. He scared many of the Aztec because they had never heard guns fired or seen horses. Cortés and his men went to Tenochtitlán, where they captured Moctezuma II, the Aztec leader. Cortés then demanded gold for ransom. Moctezuma was killed. The Spanish lost, but they left behind smallpox, which killed more than 100,000 Aztec. Cortés and his men returned and destroyed Tenochtitlán. Mexico City now stands on its ruins.   Incas Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa. The Inca Ruler offered him a huge room full of gold, but Pizarro took the gold and killed the ruler. The Inca Empire was one of the wealthiest in the world. It was successful because the empire was linked by highways. MC 9 What is the capital of the Inca empire? 12

Spanish Exploration and Conquest SA The Inca began dying from diseases that spread quickly throughout the empire before Pizarro arrived. When Francisco Pizarro arrived with only 180 men, the Inca ruler of the North, Atahualpa, was not concerned. He had a bigger problem with Huascar, the southern ruler of the Inca empire. 1In a sneak attack, Pizarro and his men surrounded Cajamarca, killed thousands of Inca, and captured Atahualpa. 2After Atahualpa filled a room with gold and silver, the Spaniards killed him, and sent melted gold and silver back to Spain. Teacher Notes Aztecs Hernán Cortés brought more than 500 conquistadors, conquerors, when he landed in Mexico. He scared many of the Aztec because they had never heard guns fired or seen horses. Cortés and his men went to Tenochtitlán, where they captured Moctezuma II, the Aztec leader. Cortés then demanded gold for ransom. Moctezuma was killed. The Spanish lost, but they left behind smallpox, which killed more than 100,000 Aztec. Cortés and his men returned and destroyed Tenochtitlán. Mexico City now stands on its ruins.   Incas Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa. The Inca Ruler offered him a huge room full of gold, but Pizarro took the gold and killed the ruler. The Inca Empire was one of the wealthiest in the world. It was successful because the empire was linked by highways. Thus, Spain now controlled one of the largest empires in the world. 13

Spain’s Overseas Empire PREVIEW Lesson 4 How did Spain’s growing empire impact life in North America? Vocabulary frontier missionary enslave mestizo Teacher Notes Visual Preview: How did Spain’s growing empire impact life in North America?

Spain’s Overseas Empire explorers SA Juan Ponce de Leon Hernando de Soto both Searched in Florida Never found what they were looking for claimed land for Spain Searching for the Fountain of Youth Searching for gold Teacher Notes Creek The Creek built wattle-and-daub huts for individual families. Huts were made from poles and covered with grass, mud, or thatch. They arranged the town around a council house or Chokofa. They also decorated pots with stamps. Iroquois The Iroquois built homes on top of steep-sided hills with wood. These homes are called longhouses. The used high log fences to protect their villages. 15

Spain’s Overseas Empire MC 12 Coronado and his men were the first Europeans to see the Grand Canyon. Teacher Notes Many expeditions brought diseases that killed more Native Americans. Spanish rulers gave encomiendas, large areas of land, to colonists who were loyal to them. Land included the Native American villagers who lived there. They were forced to work for Spanish landowners. Many Native Americans died from starvation, disease, or overwork. Some missionaries spoke out against the cruel treatment. The Spanish brought the first enslaved Africans to the Americas. FILL A frontier is the far edge of a settled area.

Spain’s Overseas Empire MC 13 Spanish rulers gave encomiendas, large areas of land, to colonists who were loyal to them. MC 16 More workers were needed to work on the encomiendas. So Spanish explorers brought the first enslaved Africans to Mexico. FILL To enslave people is to force them to work against their will. Teacher Notes Many expeditions brought diseases that killed more Native Americans. Spanish rulers gave encomiendas, large areas of land, to colonists who were loyal to them. Land included the Native American villagers who lived there. They were forced to work for Spanish landowners. Many Native Americans died from starvation, disease, or overwork. Some missionaries spoke out against the cruel treatment. The Spanish brought the first enslaved Africans to the Americas. MC 14 & FILL Bartolome de Las Casas was a missionary, (a person who tries to persuade people to accept new religious beliefs) who wanted to help Native Americans and treat them equally. 17

Spain’s Overseas Empire Viceroy – ruler in New Spain MC 15 Peninsulares – Spaniards from Spain Criollos – people born in New Spain but had “old” Spain parents FILL Mestizos – people who were both Spanish and Native American Native Americans and Enslaved Africans – people forced to work without wages Teacher Notes Many expeditions brought diseases that killed more Native Americans. Spanish rulers gave encomiendas, large areas of land, to colonists who were loyal to them. Land included the Native American villagers who lived there. They were forced to work for Spanish landowners. Many Native Americans died from starvation, disease, or overwork. Some missionaries spoke out against the cruel treatment. The Spanish brought the first enslaved Africans to the Americas. 18

Searching for the Northwest Passage PREVIEW Lesson 5 Vocabulary How did the search for the Northwest Passage affect people? Northwest Passage merchant company Teacher Notes Visual Preview: How did the search for the Northwest Passage affect people?

Searching for the Northwest Passage What was the importance of the Northwest Passage? MC 17 It was believed to be a shortcut to Asia that would allow Europeans to make the trip less costly and much faster. Teacher Notes The Northwest Passage was a water route which many Europeans believed connected the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. A merchant company was a group of businesspeople who shared the costs of a trading voyage. Point out to students that com- means “together.” In this case, traders do business together. Unlike the Spanish and the French, the Dutch were more interested in trading with Native Americans than in converting them to Christianity.

Searching for the Northwest Passage MC 21 All these men were explorers searching for the Northwest Passage. explorer Area explored John Cabot Newfoundland Giovanni de Verrazano Hudson River Henry Hudson Hudson, Chesapeake, and Delaware Bays Teacher Notes The Northwest Passage was a water route which many Europeans believed connected the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. A merchant company was a group of businesspeople who shared the costs of a trading voyage. Point out to students that com- means “together.” In this case, traders do business together. Unlike the Spanish and the French, the Dutch were more interested in trading with Native Americans than in converting them to Christianity. MC 20 Did anyone ever find the Northwest passage? No… because it doesn’t exist! 21

The First French Colonies Lesson 6 Vocabulary How did France’s relationship with Native Americans affect colonization? ally coureurs de bois import export Teacher Notes Visual Preview: How did France’s relationship with Native Americans affect colonization?

The First French Colonies FILL ally – a person, group, or nation united with another in order to do something FILL coureurs de bois – a person who trapped furs without permission from the French government FILL import – to bring goods from another country for sale or use FILL export – to send goods to other countries for sale or use Teacher Notes Samuel de Champlain was the first governor of New France. He established friendly relations with several Native American groups. They became allies. Native Americans exchanged furs for goods such as guns, knives, and blankets. Native Americans taught fur traders how to hunt, make canoes from birch bark, and use snowshoes.

The First French Colonies MC 22 Quebec became a trading post for fur. MC 23 French missionaries were different than Spanish missionaries because they decided to live amongst the Native Americans. Teacher Notes Samuel de Champlain was the first governor of New France. He established friendly relations with several Native American groups. They became allies. Native Americans exchanged furs for goods such as guns, knives, and blankets. Native Americans taught fur traders how to hunt, make canoes from birch bark, and use snowshoes. SA One reason for slow growth in New France was because the king preferred Roman Catholics to settle in the colony.

Review Name the European explorer associated with each area. Mexico West coast of South America Florida Southeastern U.S. Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona Southwestern U.S.; first European to see the Grand Canyon Newfoundland Hudson River Hudson, Chesapeake, and Delaware Bays St. Lawrence River Lakes Huron, Ontario, Erie and Superior Lake Michigan Hernan Cortés Francisco Pizarro Juan Ponce de León Hernando de Soto Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Francisco Vásquez de Coronado John Cabot Giovanni da Verrazano Henry Hudson Answers Hernan Cortés Francisco Pizarro Juan Ponce de León Hernando de Soto Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Francisco Vásquez de Coronado John Cabot Giovanni da Verrazano Henry Hudson Jacques Cartier Étienne Brûlé Jean Nicolet Jacques Cartier Étienne Brûlé Jean Nicolet 25

Maps Click on a map to enlarge the view.