The Cardiovascular System 11 The Cardiovascular System

Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery Superior vena cava Left subclavian artery Right pulmonary artery Aortic arch Ligamentum arteriosum Ascending aorta Left pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins Left atrium Auricle of left atrium Right atrium Circumflex artery Right coronary artery in coronary sulcus (right atrioventricular groove) Left coronary artery in coronary sulcus (left atrioventricular groove) Anterior cardiac vein Left ventricle Right ventricle Great cardiac vein Marginal artery Anterior interventricular artery (in anterior interventricular sulcus) Small cardiac vein Inferior vena cava Apex (a) Figure 11.3a

B. Major Arteries of System Circulation 1. Aorta a. Largest artery in the body b. *Heart Region attached to: c. *Regions– all Regions of the Aorta have arterial branches that then go to specific body regions *Ascending aorta: location *Aortic arch: location *Thoracic aorta: location Goes through Diaphragm *Abdominal aorta: location

Major Arteries of System Circulation … 2. Arterial branches of Aorta *Right & left coronary arteries *Amount of O2 in blood: *Delivers blood to: b. Right & Left Common Carotid Arteries Location: Amount of O2 in blood: Delivers blood to:

Aorta Arterial Branches … c. *Gastric Arteries– supplies: d. *Common Hepatic Artery– supplies: c. Mesenteric Arteries (Superior and Inferior)– supplies d. *Renal Arteries—supplies: 3. Right & Left Common Iliac arteries End of Aorta, it splits into Supplies: Femoral Arteries - location and supplies:

Figure 11.13 Arteries of the head and trunk Internal carotid artery External carotid artery Common carotid arteries Vertebral artery Arteries that supply the upper limb Subclavian artery Subclavian artery Brachiocephalic trunk Aortic arch Axillary artery Ascending aorta Coronary artery Thoracic aorta (above diaphragm) Brachial artery Celiac trunk Abdominal aorta Superior mesenteric artery Radial artery Ulnar artery Renal artery Gonadal artery Deep palmar arch Superficial palmar arch Digital arteries Inferior mesenteric artery Arteries that supply the lower limb Common iliac artery External iliac artery Femoral artery Popliteal artery Internal iliac artery Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Dorsalis pedis artery Arcuate artery Figure 11.13

C. Major Veins of Systemic Circulation 1. *Superior vena cava *Amount of O2 in blood *Body region drained: 2. *Inferior Vena Cava 3. *Coronary Sinus & Cardiac Veins 4. Veins draining into the Superior Vena Cava *Jugular veins (Internal & External):

Major Veins of Systemic Circulation … 4. Veins draining into the Inferior Vena Cava: the following drain regions that the arteries of the same name took blood to b. Hepatic Veins d. Renal Veins c. Gastric and Mesenteric Veins Drain into the Hepatic Portal Vein and then to the Liver and then to Hepatic Veins 5. Left & Right Common Iliac Veins Region Drained Femoral Veins– region drained

Figure 11.14 Veins of the head and trunk Dural venous sinuses External jugular vein Vertebral vein Internal jugular vein Veins that drain the upper limb Subclavian vein Right and left brachiocephalic veins Axillary vein Superior vena cava Cephalic vein Brachial vein Great cardiac vein Basilic vein Hepatic veins Splenic vein Hepatic portal vein Renal vein Median cubital vein Superior mesenteric vein Ulnar vein Radial vein Inferior mesenteric vein Digital veins Veins that drain the lower limb External iliac vein Inferior vena cava Femoral vein Common iliac vein Great saphenous vein Popliteal vein Internal iliac vein Posterior tibial vein Anterior tibial vein Small saphenous vein Dorsal venous arch Dorsal metatarsal veins Figure 11.14

D. Fetal Circulation 1. Blood flow differences: bypasses the lungs & Left Heart Why? 2. Foramen Ovale: Fossa Ovalis in adult 3. Ductus Arteriosus: Ligamentum Arteriosum in adult

Fossa Ovalis ligamentum arteriosum

Umbilical arteries (2)—carry carbon dioxide and wastes Branch from: Fetal Circulation … 4. Fetal Nutrition: a. Placenta b. Umbilical cord: Umbilical arteries (2)—carry carbon dioxide and wastes Branch from: Umbilical vein—carries nutrients and oxygen Drain into:

Superior vena cava Ductus arteriosus Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Foramen ovale Inferior vena cava Hepatic vein Ductus venosus Inferior vena cava Hepatic portal vein Umbilical vein Fetal umbilicus Aorta Common iliac artery Umbilical cord External iliac artery Internal iliac artery Umbilical arteries Urinary bladder KEY: High oxygenation Moderate oxygenation Low oxygenation Very low oxygenation Placenta Figure 11.16

E. Physiology of Blood vessels 1. Pulse = Pressure wave of blood as heart contracts and relaxes; same as heart rate a. *Pressure Points: define Wrist Upper neck b. Pulse averages 70 to 76 beats per minute at rest

Superficial temporal artery Facial artery Common carotid artery Brachial artery Radial artery Femoral artery Popliteal artery Posterior tibial artery Dorsalis pedis artery Figure 11.19

2. Blood Pressure: BP *= define a. Measured in mmHg Systolic: describe Diastolic: describe Average: 120/80 mm Hg b. *Sphygmomanometer: define

c. Factors that affect BP: i) Cardiac Output: Water content Heart rate ii) Peripheral Resistance = friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels Diameter of the blood vessels Constricted, then Resistance ____________ And BP ______________ Dilated, then Resistance ____________ And BP _____________

iii) Other Factors Age-- older ____________ BP Weight– too much  Exercise– not enough  Body position-- standing Emotional state– stress & fear Foods Eaten– amount of salt d. Control of Blood Pressure Circulatory System via Nervous System Excretory System via hormones

1. Abnormal Blood Pressures F. Diseases of the Cardiovascular System 1. Abnormal Blood Pressures i) Hypotension Low systolic: below 100 mm Hg Usually in the elderly ii) Hypertension High systolic: above 130 - 140 mm Hg High diastolic: above 90 Result:

F. Diseases of the Cardiovascular System … 2. Atherosclerosis

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Blood pressure 120 systolic 70 diastolic (to be measured) Brachial artery (a) The course of the brachial artery of the arm. Assume a blood pressure of 120/70 in a young, healthy person. Figure 11.21a

Pressure in cuff above 120; no sounds audible 120 mm Hg Rubber cuff inflated with air Brachial artery closed (b) The blood pressure cuff is wrapped snugly around the arm just above the elbow and inflated until the cuff pressure exceeds the systolic blood pressure. At this point, blood flow into the arm is stopped, and a brachial pulse cannot be felt or heard. Figure 11.21b

Pressure in cuff below 120, but above 70 120 mm Hg 70 mm Hg Sounds audible in stethoscope (c) The pressure in the cuff is gradually reduced while the examiner listens (auscultates) for sounds in the brachial artery with a stethoscope. The pressure read as the first soft tapping sounds are heard (the first point at which a small amount of blood is spurting through the constricted artery) is recorded as the systolic pressure. Figure 11.21c

Pressure in cuff below 70; no sounds audible 70 mm Hg (d) As the pressure is reduced still further, the sounds become louder and more distinct; when the artery is no longer constricted and blood flows freely, the sounds can no longer be heard. The pressure at which the sounds disappear is recorded as the diastolic pressure. Figure 11.20d