Ideologies and Revolutions 6. 1 Ideologies and Revolutions 6.1.1 GLOBAL REVOLUTIONS Analyze the causes and global consequences of Revolution 6.2.1 POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS Analyze the Age of Revolutions A Call for a Change

1: An Age of Ideologies Focus Question: Compare and contrast political ideologies after the Industrial Revolution?

THINK—PAIR—SHARE What is an IDEOLOGY? Give an example. 1: Write on your own. 2: Discuss with elbow partner. 3: Share with class.

The Congress of Vienna ♦Napoleon swept across Europe, taking much of Europe under his control. ♦The Congress of Vienna—decided what happens to Europe after Napoleon.

Conservatives ♦Conservatives -are the “winners” at the Congress of Vienna. - favor the “old order”—they want little change.

♦Monarchs and their officials, Noble land Conservatives ♦Monarchs and their officials, Noble land owners and Church leaders -Believed that if change must come, it must come slowly

Congress of Vienna Hat Check

♦Liberals- Wanted governments based on - Governments’ roles written constitutions and separation of powers. - Governments’ roles was to protect basic rights— freedoms of speech, thought, and religion.

♦Believed that only male Liberals—1800s ♦Believed that only male property owners should have the right to vote ♦Believed in capitalism and the ideas of Adam Smith

Liberals—Included: ♦Liberals were: - Business Owners - Bankers - Lawyers - Politicians - Newspaper editors and writers

♦Wanted to create their own Nationalists ♦People of common heritages set out to win their own states ♦Wanted to create their own “homeland”

Central Europe--Revolutionaries ♦Serbia - controlled by Ottomans—Muslim/Arabs -Slavic people who were also Orthodox - autonomy was supported by Russia

Greece and the Ottomans ♦Greeks-1821 Start revolting- backed by many Europeans ♦1830- Greece was independent, but were forced into accepting a German king

2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Focus Question: What were the causes and effects of the revolutions in Europe in 1830 & 1848?

♦Louis XVIII- he is King French Revolution of 1830 ♦Louis XVIII- he is King issues the Charter of French Liberties - a constitution of limited monarchy

♦Louis XVIII ♦Charles X dies in 1824 and is replaced by his brother, Charles X. ♦Charles X rejected the idea of a charter, since he was a strong believer in absolutism.

- Liberals and radicals - revolt, forcing a fearful ♦July 1830, Charles X - suspends the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press. - Liberals and radicals - revolt, forcing a fearful Charles X to abdicate.

Louis Philippe Becomes King ♦Louis was a cousin of Charles X. - A constitutional monarchy was put in place. ♦Louis becomes known as the “citizen king”

Belgium ♦Congress of Vienna united Belgium (Catholic) with the Netherlands, which was Protestant. ♦Belgium won its independence --Liberal constitution

♦Poland was split in the 1700s by Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Rebels in Poland ♦Poland was split in the 1700s by Russia, Austria, and Prussia. ♦Rebels tried, but were unsuccessful in trying to reunite Poland. --Stopped by Russia

♦Discontent existed with Louis Philippe’s government. French Revolutions of 1848 ♦Discontent existed with Louis Philippe’s government. ♦A recession was taking place. ♦Bread prices had risen. ♦Newspapers blamed Louis.

♦Government wanted to - “February Days” ♦Government wanted to - silence critics & prevent public meetings. Troops clash with demonstrators. Louis Philippe abdicates.

♦Upper and Middle class interests had won control of the government. “June Days” –1848 ♦Upper and Middle class interests had won control of the government. ♦Workers revolted- - leaving many dead before they were crushed.

♦New government created after “July Days” gave more people suffrage. Napoleon III ♦New government created after “July Days” gave more people suffrage. Suffrage- the right to vote.

Napoleon III ♦An election is held and the winner of President is Louis Napoleon (Napoleon Bonaparte’s Nephew!) By 1852, Napoleon III had declared himself emperor of France.

♦Napoleon enjoyed economic prosperity during his reign. Napoleon III ♦Napoleon enjoyed economic prosperity during his reign. - Like his uncle, Napoleon III started to dominate much of Europe.

Napoleon III ♦Although Napoleon III had a lot of success at home, his foreign endeavors would bring him to his down-fall.

European Revolutions of 1848 ♦The revolution in France caused others to take place. ♦In Austria, Metternich was forced to flee. ♦Journalist Louis Kossuth led a revolt in Hungary.

Other Revolts ♦There were revolts in Italy—the pope was even expelled— later returned. ♦The loosely-allied German states also had revolts.

Results of 1848 Revolutions ♦Some reforms did take place. ♦However, most reforms were very modest and did not last very long.

Section 3: Latin American Revolts Who were key revolutionaries in Latin America and what did they do? What is an overall result of Latin American revolutions?

Social and Ethnic Structure Peninsulares = highest social class Spanish-born Creoles = second-class European descendent Latin Americans Mestizos denied rights of whites Native American and European decent Mulattoes also denied status African and European decent Native Americans suffer economic misery Enslaved Africans worked plantations

Haitian Revolution Slaves were overworked and underfed Toussaint L’Ouverture Self-education former slave Led revolt Slavery abolished 1802 – Haitian independence

Mexican Revolution Most of Spanish-America did not want their way of life threatened Father Hidalgo, creole priest, cries out for Mexican freedom Captured and executed Father Jose Morelos continues the fight 1820 - liberals force king to issue a constitution (Independence)

South American Revolutions Motivated by Napoleon’s occupation of Spain, Simon Bolivar and followers ignite revolutions in S.A. Led an uprising to free Venezuela Joined forces with Jose de San Martin Helped Argentina gain independence from Spain Dom Pedro leader of independent Brazil Only after his Portuguese family left him in charge! Accepted a constitution and went from monarch to president!

Latin American Independence Overall… Most countries gained independence, but they were not democratic Ruled by limited monarchs (constitutional) Countries in disorder after revolution Recovery after war Looking for leadership

What impact did the Industrial Revolution and other Revolutions have on the world?

Effects of Revolutions Important ideas supported by writer and philosophers Popular sovereignty Nationalism Inalienable rights Increase in power of the people Created technology which fueled Industrial Revolution New machines lowered cost of goods Military strength determined economic & political status

What was imperialism? How did Nationalism effect the world?

Consequences of Nationalism Newly democratic countries Competed for status through industrial power, military power, and land reform Redistribution of land to lower classes Decrease in power of ruling class Examples: Mexico, Haiti, Philippines