The Major Lineages of Life

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Presentation transcript:

The Major Lineages of Life Molecular data challenges 5 Kingdoms Monera was too diverse 2 distinct lineages of prokaryotes Protists are still too diverse not yet sorted out

Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species The discipline of systematics classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships Systematists use fossil, molecular, and genetic data to infer evolutionary relationships Taxonomy is the ordered division and naming of organisms

3 Domain system Domains = “Super” Kingdoms Bacteria Archaea Eukarya extremophiles = live in extreme environments methanogens halogens thermophiles Eukarya eukaryotes protists fungi plants animals

Classification Old 5 Kingdom system New 3 Domain system Eukaryote Prokaryote Old 5 Kingdom system Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals New 3 Domain system reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence Prokaryote: Bacteria Prokaryote: Archaebacteria Eukaryotes Protists Plants Fungi Animals Archaebacteria & Bacteria

Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Bacteria

Kingdoms Fungi Animalia absorptive nutrition ingestive nutrition Plantae autotrophs heterotrophs Protista uni- to multicellular multicellular Eubacteria Archaebacteria prokaryotes eukaryotes Single-celled ancestor

Finding commonality in variety Organisms classified from most general group, domain, down to most specific, species domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species use the mnemonic!

The Evolutionary Perspective

Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data To infer phylogenies, systematists gather information about morphologies, genes, and biochemistry of living organisms Organisms with similar morphologies or DNA sequences are likely to be more closely related than organisms with different structures or sequences

Cladistics Cladistics groups organisms by common descent A clade is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants Clades can be nested in larger clades, but not all groupings of organisms qualify as clades

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