The Ferment of Reform and Culture

Reviving Religion Deism Unitarians Reason rather than Revelation Science Unitarians God existed in only 1 person Goodness in human nature Free will Good works Intellectuals

Cont. 2nd Great Awakening Converts Reorganized churches New sects Evangelicalism Prison Reform Temperance / Women’s Movement Abolish Slavery Camp meetings / Revivals

Diversity “Burned –Over District” Widened lines between classes and regions Split over slavery Methodists Baptists

Desert Zion in Utah Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois Mormons Antagonized rank and file Americans Voting as a unit Militia Polygamy Joseph Smith 1844 murdered

Cont. Brigham young 1846 -1847 Utah “This is the Place” 1848 = 5,000 Hand Carts Irrigation Theocracy / Cooperative Commonwealth Statehood = 1896

Schools Public Education Stiff opposition Children of the poor Lacking in the South Tax Supported 1 room School house 8 grades Open a few months a year “Hickory Sticks” 3 R’s Horace Mann More / Better Schools Longer school terms Higher pay Expanded curriculum 1860 100 public schools

Cont. Noah Webster = 1758 - 1843 “Schoolmaster of the Republic” Reading lessons Dictionary = 1828 William H. McGuffey = 1800 – 1873 Grade School readers Morality, patriotism, and idealism

Higher Learning 1st state supported Universities = South North Carolina = 1795 University of Virginia = 1819 Brainchild of Thomas Jefferson Troy Female Seminary (N.Y.) Emma Willard = 1787 – 1870 Oberlin College (Ohio) Opened doors to women = 1837 Admitted African Americans Mount Holyoke Seminary (MA) Mary Lyon Lyceum = Traveling lectures

Age of Reform Prison reform “Penitentiaries” Mentally Ill Dorthea Dix – 1802 - 1887 Insanity / Asylums Reform Campaigns An escape for women Industrial era Imprisonment for debt Capital offenses reduced

Temperance Drinking problem Attracted reformers American Temperance Society Boston = 1826 “Cold Water Army” Picture / Pamphlets / Lecturers Neal S. Dow = Maine “Father of Prohibition” Maine Law of 1851 Prohibiting manufacture / Sale

Women in Revolt Keepers of Society The home was the women’s place Cult of domesticity = Republican Motherhood Submissive to men Property Reformers ------ Women’s Movement Rights = Suffragists Abolition Temperance

Cont. Lucretia Mott Quaker Antislavery Convention = 1840 Elizabeth Cady Stanton Suffrage for women Susan B. Anthony Militant lecturer Women’s rights “Suzy B’s”

Cont. Elizabeth Blackwell 1st female graduate of a medical college Grimke΄ Sisters (Sarah, Angelina) Antislavery Women’ Rights Convention at Seneca Falls = 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton “Declaration of Sentiments” “All men and women are created equal”

Utopias Brook Farm = 1841 Massachusetts Shakers = 1747 Upstate N.Y. Monastic customs Brook Farm = 1841 Massachusetts Transcendentalism “Plain Living and High Thinking” Oneida Community = 1848 New York “Free Love”

Scientific Achievement Practical gadgets rather than pure science Jefferson = plow Borrowing and adapting from Europeans Benjamin Silliman = 1779 – 1864 Chemist, Geologist Yale

Cont. Medicine Primitive Bleeding Smallpox, Yellow Fever, Malaria Teeth Self-prescribed medicines Whisky Quack docs Life expectancy = 40 yrs.

Artistic Achievements Greek Revival = 1820 – 1850 Arches / Large windows Thomas Jefferson Architect of Revolution Monticello University of Virginia

Cont. Daguerreotype = 1839 Photograph Minstrel Shows Painters Gilbert Stuart = 1755- 1828 Portraits of Washington After War of 1812 = Romantic mirrorings of local landscapes Daguerreotype = 1839 Photograph Minstrel Shows White actors = blackened faces “Dixie”

Literature Practical outlets Political essays The Federalist Hamilton, Jay, Madison Common Sense Autobiography = 1818 Ben Franklin

Cont. William Cullen Bryant 1794 – 1878 Thanatopsis = poem Washington Irving 1783 – 1859 1st to win international recognition History of New York Legend of Sleepy Hollow James Fennimore Cooper 1789 -1851 1st American novelist Last of the Mohicans William Cullen Bryant 1794 – 1878 Thanatopsis = poem Made living by editing N.Y. Evening Post Set model for journalism

Transcendentalism Liberalizing Puritan theology Truth, rather, “Transcends” the senses Everyone possesses and inner light that can illuminate the highest truth Put in direct contact with God Self-reliance, Self-culture, Self-discipline Bred hostility towards authority

Cont. Ralph Waldo Emerson = 1803 – 1882 “The American Scholar” Declaration of Independence to American writers Throw out European traditions Self-improvement, self-reliance, self- confidence, optimism, and freedom Critic of slavery Supported Union cause

Cont. Henry David Thoreau = 1817 – 1862 Reduce bodily want to gain time for a pursuit of truth through study and meditation Influenced Ghandi Inspired Martin Luther King Jr. Walt Whitman = 1819 – 1892 Leaves of Grass (1855) Poems

Literary Lights John Greenleaf Whittier = 1807 – 1892 Quaker Antislavery crusades Inhumanity, injustice, and intolerance Poet of human freedom Louisa May Alcott = 1832 – 1888 Little Women

Literary Individualists & Dissenters Edgar Allan Poe = 1809 – 1849 The Raven Lyric poet Horror / morbid Nathaniel Hawthorne = 1804 – 1864 The Scarlet Letter (1850) Adulteress

Cont. Herman Melville = 1819 – 1891 Moby Dick (1851) Captain Ahab – great white whale = Moby Dick

Portrayers of the Past George Bancroft = 1800 – 1891 “Father of American History” History of the United states to 1789 William H. Prescott = 1796 – 1859 Conquest of Mexico (1843) and Peru (1847) Historians = New Englanders