Reconstruction

Presidential Reconstruction: 1865-66, Johnson sought to return states to prewar status with only slavery abolished Congressional Reconstruction: Radical reconstruction, Congress challenged Johnson in 1867 & continued through Grants two terms in1877 Redemption: (by its defenders) began 1876 with Hayes election, ended involvement with S. affairs

Lasting Impact of Civil War 11th Amendment: States’ sovereign immunity 12th Amendment: Procedure for electing President & Vice President 13th Amendment: Abolishes slavery Harsh realities of modern war South land & economy in shambles Full emancipation Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Plans for Reconstruction Clash Rebuilding of the United States How do you reunite the Union? - What should be the political fate of the Confederate States? How do you rebuilt the S. Economy? -S. Share of nation’s wealth went form 30% to 12% How do you extend citizenship to African Americans? - 13th freed slaves but didn’t give them full citizenship

Freedmen’s Bureau Provided social, educational, and economic services as well as advice and protection to former slaves.

Black Codes in the South Laws that sought to limit the rights of African Americans & keep them as landless workers Limited occupations available Some states prohibited form owning land Vagrancy laws Unemployed prison labor Used violence & intimidation to enforce

Reconstruction Radical Republicans Which plan was easiest for former Confederate states? Which was harshest? Radical Republicans Lead by Thaddeus Stevens & Charles Summer South committed crimes, had to pay Congress passed Wade-Davis Bill 1864, majority of states’ voters had to swear loyalty, guaranteed African American citizenship… Lincoln vetoed

April 14, 1865

Andrew Johnson Like Lincoln, wanted to restore S. political status asap No interest in former slaves rights Pardons & land to confederates who swore allegiance Each state ratify 13th Resented wealthy planters …had to write him a letter

Republican congress at odds with Johnson.

Congress’ attempt to overturn the Black Codes. Civil Rights Act of 1866 Congress’ attempt to overturn the Black Codes. Created federal guarantees of civil rights … Johnson vetoed Johnson was defying Congress 1867, Congress impeaches him Freedmen’s Bureau - Johnson vetoes Civil Rights Bill - Johnson vetoes 14th Amendment - Johnson opposes Johnson vetoes 28 bills, 15 overridden Lost by 1 vote, Johnson promised to enforce Reconstruction Acts & did

14th amendment: Guaranteed equality under the law for all citizens 1868, Republican former Union general Ulysses S. Grant elected President His opponent won majority of the white vote 14th amendment: Guaranteed equality under the law for all citizens 15th amendment: Forbade any state from denying suffrage on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Congressional Reconstruction 1870, all former Confederate states met requirements under Radical Reconstruction & rejoined the Union Republicans dominated new state governments About 1500 African American men took roles in Southern state and local governments Millions were now voters Loyalty oath  many white southerners couldn’t vote

Sharecropping Independent entrepreneurs got share of crop for labor Incentive Corruption

Scalawags & Carpetbaggers Republicans attracted African American southerners & those who sought change Scalawags Carpetbaggers White Southerners who had been locked out of pre-Civil War politics by their wealthier neighbors, cooperated w/ freedmen & Northerners Northerners who came to the South to improve their economic or political situations, or to help freedmen

Women & Reconstruction Republicans did…not support women’s suffrage Women found opportunities in medical facilities, orphanages & shaping the public school system Right to vote?

Public schools grew slowly End of 1870s, only about half of southern kids $$$ Southerners opted for segregation Separation of the races Radical republicans wanted integration Combining the schools Tax supported public schools was major Reconstruction success

Election of 1876 Compromise of 1877 Tilden won popular vote Corruption with electoral vote Compromise of 1877 Federal troops removed from South Officially ended Reconstruction Lead to Redemption Segregated South

Black Codes

Jim Crow Laws Local laws enforcing racial segregation Minstrel shows

Changes in South spark Violence Economic competition Resentment The more progress African Americans made  the more hostile white southerners became Ku Klux Klan Formed in Tennessee, 1866 Burned homes, schools, churches Beat, maimed, killed African Americans & their white allies Aimed to scare freed people from voting Focused on symbols of freedom (teachers, ministers, politicians, etc.) … unfortunately succeeded

Federal Response Racial violence grew in N & S Congress passed Enforcement Acts aka Ku Klux Klan Acts 1870 & 1871 Federal offence to interfere with citizen’s rights to vote 1872, Klan violence decreased because of federal use of legal action …Hatred would flare up in the coming decades