Mid 18th Century Wars EQ: How did mid 18th Century wars in Europe and the colonies change the balance of power within Europe and beyond?

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Mid 18th Century Wars EQ: How did mid 18th Century wars in Europe and the colonies change the balance of power within Europe and beyond?

War of Jenkins’ Ear (1739) English-Spanish competition in West Indies British declared war on Spain in 1739 Minor war but was opening encounter to series of European wars through 1815

War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) Prussia invades (Habsburg) Silesia; France & Spain back Prussia, England backs Austria Maria Theresa maintains Hapsburg empire as a major political power Ended with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 -Spain renewed Treaty of Utrecht with Britain so they could import slaves from Spanish colonies

The “Diplomatic Revolution” of 1756 France and Britain clash in New England Great Britain joined forces with Germany, Convention of Westminster France and Austria agreed to defensive alliance

Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) Frederick II (the Great) began war by invading German state of Saxony England now backs Prussia, France backs Austria Colonial theater: Britain, led by William Pitt the Elder, trounces France in N. America Treaty of Paris of 1763 made Britain into a world power, through World War II

Europe and the American Revolution Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue -Caused by problems of revenue collection common to all powers after Seven Years’ War -British tried to tax colonies to pay for war -Colonies responded that they wouldn’t be taxed without representation

The Crisis and Independence Colonies resisted several measures designed to raise money, including Intolerable Acts Thomas Paine’s Common Sense aroused revolutionary sentiments Continental Congress declared Declaration of Independence

American Political Ideas Influence of English ideas & events in America Revolution of 1688 Writings of John Locke America becomes familiar with British political writers, Commonwealthmen

Events in Great Britain John Wilkes affair -Arrested after criticizing treaty with France in print -Elected several times to Parliament but king would not seat him

Events in Great Britain (cont.) Influence of American ideas & events in Britain -Appeal to popular opinion -Broadly rejected monarchy, social hierarchies -Yorkshire Association Movement demanded changes in parliamentary elections

Broader Impact of American Revolution Demonstrated to Europe possibility of government without kings Idea of preserving traditional liberties Rejected social status

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