Theoretical Perspectives of Sociology

Background: There are 3 major theories used by sociologists: - Functionalism - Symbolic Interaction - Conflict Theory: a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work Perception: is the way your brain sees an event, how you interpret something Theoretical Perspective: a set of assumptions about an area of study

The Functionalist Perspective Definition: Emphasizes the contributions (the functions) made by each part of society * (ie. Family, Religion, Education, Economy, Govt.) According to Functionalism: All parts of society are part of the integrated whole A change in one part of society leads to changes in the other parts After upheaval societies will return to a state of normalcy Members of society cooperate based on a consensus on values

Vocabulary Two kinds of functions: Manifest: the intended & recognized consequences or outcomes Latent: the unintended & unrecognized consequences or outcomes * Apply this to Video Games: Manifest Function  to have fun & be entertained Latent Function  obesity & violence Dysfunctions: negative consequences or outcomes

The Conflict Perspective Definition: Emphasizes conflict, competition, change and constraints which exist in society According to the Conflict Theory: It is the reverse of functionalism A society is composed of groups that: Engage in fierce competition for resources (voting/rights/etc.) There is a constant struggle for power and control Those in power can then constrain those who are less powerful by limiting their access to resources (Inequality) As the power shifts between one group or another, change occurs!

Symbolic Interactionism Theory Definition: the interaction among people is based on mutually understood symbols According to the Symbolic Interationist Theory: Symbol: something observable that represents something else Members of society have to understand the meaning of the symbol or…………….. there is confusion, embarrassment, or chaos! We learn meaning of a symbol from watching how others react Once we learn the meaning of these symbols, we base our behavior (interactions) on these symbols We use the meanings of symbols to imagine how others will react to our behavior and vice versa Apply this to a person at a party wearing a “wedding ring”: - What does the “symbol” of a wedding ring mean? - How will a person wearing a wedding ring affect our behavior?

Levels of Analysis Macro Level: examination of large-scale patterns of society Functionalist Conflict Micro Level: examination of small-scale patterns of society Symbolic Interactionism