The Duel for North America Chapter 6 Michael Perreault AP US History Gloucester High School

France: Late to the Party The French was late to the party, convulsed by foreign wars and domestic strife Involved in clashes between Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots 1572 10,000+ Huguenot men, women, and children were butchered 1598 Edict of Nantes granted limited toleration to French Protestants King Louis XIV 1643-1715 (reigned for 72 years) took deep interst in colonies

French in Canada 1608 Quebec, de Champlain “Father of New France” Friendly relations with Huron Indians Treaty with Hurons against Iroquois (Upper NY State) Government falls under direct control of King, no representation, no Trial by jury Population growth was slow 1750s 6,000 whites Landowning French peasants had little motivation to move, Huguenots denied refuge French government more interested in Caribbean

Trappers and Indians Valuable resource: Beaver (Fasion: beaver pelt heats) Trappers or Coureurs de bois lived with risk Recruited Indians into fur trade 1693 400 canoes, later decimated by disease and alcohol Slaughter of beaver violated manys’ religious beliefs Missionaries attempted to save Indians from trappers and for Christ some tortured Converted few but were vital as explorers and geographers

French Explorers Cadillac founded Detroit “The City of Straits 1682 La Salle floats down Mississippi naming the interior basin Louisiana did not get to the delta instead landed in Spanish Texas in 1687 (murdered) French build forts along Mississippi River in the Illinois area and in 1718 New Orleans

North America 1700

Forts of the Colonies

Clashes Begin 1689-97 King William’s War 1702-13 Queen Anne’s War British colonists vs. French Beaver trappers, fighting in New York and Mass France and Spain allied against Britain Peace terms: Britain gets Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Hudson Bay which controls the St. Laurence dooming the French settlements Wins limited trading rights in Spanish America

Colonies Benefiting British policy of Salutary neglect allows colonial independence to take root Smuggling begins in Spanish America leading to the War of Jenkin’s Ear 1739, fighting in Caribbean and Florida Georgia border Led to larger War of Austrian Succession called King George’s War in colonies French attempt to reclaim Nova Scotia, fail Still cling to their vast holdings

North America 1713

George Washington vs. French Ohio Valley major issue between French (necessary to link Canada and Mississippi Valley) and British (critical area for Westward expansion) Britain determined to fight for security and domination French building chain of forts on Ohio River Fort Duquesne key 1754 Washington dispatched to Ohio Valley, encounters French 40 miles from fort, kill captain, French return surround Washington’s troops, after 10 hour seige, forced to surrender Allowed to return home with honor British brutally uproot French Acadians and scatter them

Global Wars include the Colonies French and Indian War became a global war starting in America but spread to Europe, West Indies, Africa Philippines and the oceans Due to size, Britain had need to coordinate, summoned intercolonial congress at Albany, NY (Albany Congress) Immediate purpose, control Iroquois tribes loyal to Britain Long-range: achieve greater colonial unity and bolster common defence against French

Ben Franklin at Albany Published “Join or Die” cartoon, advocated colonial unity/home rule Unanimously adopted but spurned by individuals and London Colonists: not enough Independence London: too much Franklin: all agreed on the need for union, but got distracted by the details

British Braddock Blunders General Edward Braddock led strong force of regulars 1775 set out for Fort Duquesne with 2,000 met by smaller French/Indian army During battle Washington had 2 horses shot out from under him and four bullet holes in his coat, Braddock fatally wounded Easy victory inspires Indians into wider war path PA-NC Washington and 300 men tried to defend the frontier to no avail

Pitt Rises Above His Name William Pitt, outstanding leader, known as “Great Commoner” 1757 became foremost leader in London’s gov. Played down West Indies assaults -- concentrated on the Quebec-Montreal area Picked young, energetic leaders 1758 Louisbourg falls under large force 1759 Quebec falls 1760 Montreal falls, France loses Canada

Global Nature of French and Indian War

Paris Peace Accords 1763 French surrender holdings in North America Though receive two islets in Gulf of St. Laurence for fishing stations Cede to Spain Louisiana territory as well as New Orleans Maintain West Indies Isles (sugar) Great Britain emerged as dominant power in North America

North America 1763

Impact on the Colonies Increased confidence in their “military prowess” Shattered the myth of British invincibility British refused to grant any colonial milia a rank above captain, demoting Washington from Colonel, angering colonists Britain distressed by lack of colonial support for defense Some colonies refused to refused to send troops or money, too far away, didn’t affect them

Colonies to Unity Unity began to gain support during war War brought colonists together for first time, discovered they were more similar, including shared language and common ideals Beginnings of a national identity

Indian Allies Spanish removal from Florida and French from Canada left the Indians with no allies Pontiac’s Uprising Ottawa chief Pontiac lay siege to Detroit in spring of 1763, capturing all but three forts and killing 2,000 soldiers and settlers British respond with brutality and biological warfare Pontiac perished at the hands of a rival chief Colonists now free to head west across Appalachian Mountains Proclamation of 1763 London government flatty bans settlement beyond Appalachians