ENAR Vision Full equality, solidarity & well-being for all Combat racism and discrimination Benefits of a diverse & racism-free Europe for European society and economy How it all started… ENAR established in 1998 Purpose We are an NGO partner that interacts with EU institutions Give a European dimension to the fight against racism

Our work: Influence the European political agenda Monitor EU policy developments, lobbying & advocacy, meet key EU officials in all EU institutions, alliances with other actors in Europe

There are 5 main groups that we focus on:  Roma - 78% of Roma in Slovakia and 73% in the Czech Republic experience discrimination when looking for a job.  People of African Descent and Black Europeans - In the UK, Black people are at least six times more likely to be stopped and searched than a white person.  Muslims - 1 in 3 Muslim in the EU experience discrimination at least once in the last 12 months. In France, 85% of Islamophobic acts target women.  Jews - 2 in 3 Jewish people consider anti-Semitism to be a major problem in the EU Migrants - In Greece 154 incidents of racist violence – mainly physical attacks - committed against refugees and migrants in 2012.

Shadow reports It highlights the ways in which racism impacts on people of African descent and Black Europeans in 20 EU countries (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom), primarily covering the period of 2014 - 2015. The report discusses the most significant issues faced by Black people in many areas of their lives such as education, health, housing, employment, criminal justice and public life. Research findings, case studies of racism and related discrimination and policy analysis are included in this report. What is clear from this report is that there are significant disadvantages and barriers erected through the prism of racism that impact on the life chances and outcomes of Black people.

Who are we talking about?

Key findings – Political context National responses to the so called ‘migration crisis’ and changes to migration and integration policies are impacting both people of African descent who are recent migrants as well as Black Europeans with a migration background. Political discourse, that is often racist and Islamophobic, is predominantly framed in the context of anti-immigration and targets migrants that are both Black and Muslim (Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain). Taking into account that Somalis are the biggest black (and Muslim) group in Finland, there has never been a single representative from this group elected to parliament.

Key findings - Media Austria, Bulgaria, Estonia, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK report the use of the N-word. Since the more high profile public debates on Black Pete in the Netherlands, the Dutch Complaints Bureau for Discrimination on the Internet reported an increase in reports of racist remarks towards people of African descent. A report published in June 2015 by Ofcom, the UK communications regulator, revealed that the proportion of Black audiences who report being portrayed negatively by broadcasters stood at 51%. And this is partly to do with the lack of diversity of the executive level staff. In France, only 3.2% of the executive staff at France Télévisions is non-White and less than 1% of Le Monde’s journalists are non-White.

Key findings – Workforce and Employment In Austria, 19% of black people felt like they have been treated disrespectfully by health sector employees. 6% say that they have heard health service employee say openly racist things to them. In Austria, a study showed that while 37% of people with Austrian names are invited to job interviews this is true for only 18.7% of people of Nigerian origin, despite the same levels of qualification. In the UK, applicants with an African or Asian sounding surname need to send approximately twice as many job applications as those with a traditionally British name to get an interview. In Lithuania, a poll found that 1 in 5 respondents said they would not want to work with Black people. In Sweden, 1 in 4 people of African descent with a university degree are in low-skilled jobs, as they were unable to get a job which matched their qualifications

Key findings – Employment and Intersectionality In France, a CV testing experiment showed that women with a Senegalese sounding name had 8,4% of being called for an interview when applying for a job, compared with 13,9% for men with a Senegalese sounding name and 22,6% for women with a French sounding name. A report on ethnic minority female unemployment in the UK pointed to shockingly high levels of unemployment and disadvantage in the employment sector for Somali women, who face triple hurdles of being female, Muslim and Black.

Key findings – Racial profiling and Criminal Justice Logirep, the largest social housing landlord in France was found guilty of racial profiling and discrimination in May 2014. And of course there continues to be reports of disproportionate ethnic profiling of Black people by the police, legal and justice officials in Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden and the UK. Black people are particularly exposed to police violence as reported in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden and the UK. Racist crimes that target Black people have been linked to far right groups in Bulgaria, Greece, Italy and Sweden. Other countries report that visible minorities are at higher risk of experiencing violence (Finland, Ireland).

Key findings – Education In the Netherlands, students of African descent, despite higher scores in the CITO test (taken by pupils at the age of 12 and determining what level of education the pupils may proceed to) were under-evaluated by teachers. In the UK a study shows that being Black and male has a greater impact on numeracy levels than having a learning disability. In Germany, children’s books play a major role in introducing negative stereotypes of Black people. As reported in Italian schools, colonialism has very little space in the curriculum or history textbooks for junior high schools. In Lithuania there are several examples of Black teenagers being bullied. In Italy a 14 year old student of Nigerian origin was attacked outside his school by two pupils in the same school and racially insulted. In Ireland a young teenage boy was racially abused by a nun, calling him a monkey and suggesting that he could climb trees.

Conclusions There are several forces at play that work to reinforce structural power relations that ultimately lead to inequalities and disadvantage for minority groups. In the course of this research we have not been able to identify a single national or European policy developed to address racial inequalities and discrimination experienced by Black people. Instead we find that Black people continue to be rejected, alienated and discriminated against. Based on the findings included in this report it is fair to ask, do European societies care for Black people at all? If so, there is little evidence to suggest that this is true. The lack of data on this group and in relationship to racial equality must not be used to justify inaction. Equality data collection must start to take place across Europe to ensure that we know more clearly where discrimination occurs and how to develop the policies required to shift age-old White supremacist thinking handed down from generation to generation. It is also important to recognise that structural and institutional racism must be addressed in order to fully dismantle racism. Discrimination in employment, housing, education, health, political participation and criminal justice are parts of an interconnected system. To ensure that opportunities and outcomes for Black communities improve and come up to par with those of the majority, in parallel with shifting power structures, these policies should be sustainable, monitored and evaluated.

Recommendations Recognise the devastating impact of racism on people of African descent and Black Europeans and adopt an EU Framework for national strategies or policy objectives to combat Afrophobia and promote the inclusion of people of African descent and Black Europeans. All nation states need to collect disaggregated equality data, standardise and create comparable data sets across Europe. The data must be systematically and regularly collected based on self-identification, analysed and made publicly available, in accordance with data protection standards. Establish process and outcome indicators of policies combating racial discrimination and set achievable targets for greater social inclusion of Black people in EU Member States. Develop national anti-racism strategies that address the specific challenge of Afrophobia. Following the development of these strategies, the specific and comparative situation of people of African descent/ Black Europeans in areas such as education, housing, health, employment, policing, security and justice systems should be assessed, in line with international and European standards. National plans and policies should involve communities at all stages of their development, from early stages until full implementation and assessment through the setting up of steering groups, sounding boards, expert groups or similar relevant bodies. National plans and policies should allocate specific actions and objectives in a certain timeframe to responsible institutions. Implementing bodies should have sufficient leverage, human and financial resources for the entire implementation period.

To name a few… Stephen Lawrence Oury Jalloh Zyed Benna

Philomena Essed’s words are very true, she says: “Probably the only common European experience among many if not all Afro-decedents is their exposure to (…) racism and systematic discrimination, regardless of country, socio-economic conditions, gender, age, or level of education.”

ENAR is calling for... • The development of a EU framework for national strategies on improving the lives of black people in Europe and this framework would follow the model of the EU framework for Roma (National Roma Integration Strategies – NRIS) • The European Union can adopt and implement strategies to address racial disparities in our societies that include distinct and explicit plans for people of African descent taking into account global legacies of enslavement, colonialism and racism.