‘New Solutions for Housing and Regeneration’ Centre for Housing Research University of St Andrews 4 July 2013 SEMINAR NOTES Bringing ‘community’ building into the mainstream : mixing old tenures for a new paradigm Dr Martin Field Institute for Urban Affairs, University of Northampton martin.field@northampton.ac.uk

Prevailing paradigm : ‘individualistic investment’ 11/13/2018 11:17 AM Prevailing paradigm : ‘individualistic investment’ 1 Paradigmatic features : Currently @ 69% of UK residential property is owner-occupied PRS fastest growing sector investment vehicle, but note annual 7 - 10% of ‘self build’ properties as accumulative % of new properties 85% of respondents still see ‘home ownership’ as prime priority Less than 10,000 properties ‘co-operatively owned / managed’ from @ 24 million in UK (www.cds.coop) Approximately 250 properties in Land Trusts – 500+ projects; 200+ Cohousing dwellings. ‘Housing’ happens wherever we build it….. We can build it if you invest in us….. You can invest in us if you believe in us ….. To believe in us just see what we have done ….. What we’ve done is down to our skills ….. Our skills are down to our planning ….. Our planning is down to our business ….. Our business is building….. Our building happens to be ‘housing’…… ___________________________ Source: Community Project, Sussex Paradigmatic refrain: ___________________________ Source: Community Project, Sussex

Contemplating the ‘mutual’ characteristic 11/13/2018 11:17 AM Contemplating the ‘mutual’ characteristic 2 Story 1a : Engagement and support Keen interest in mutual values : equity, equality and inclusion Headlining reports and National Action Plans (x2) Mutual Sector liaisons / self build success New DCLG ‘Loan fund’ / local authority sector loans / guarantees ___________________________ Source: Thundercliffe Grange, Yorkshire Story 2a : Niche and fragmentary Principally seen as co-ops and ‘social housing’ Some schemes too ‘middle class’ for state support New groups ‘high risk’ : no post-recession bail-out funds; DCLG ‘Loan’ funds to developers Expensive / political / limited in scale / self-serving ___________________________ Source: Cannon Frome, Herefords

Paradigm constraints for ‘mutual’ development 11/13/2018 11:17 AM Paradigm constraints for ‘mutual’ development 3 Institutional and household views Conventional focus on perceived ‘risks’ Marginal financial routes for UK growth Limits to current appeal of ‘mutual’ options : - ‘Co-operatives’ for equality, but usually zero ‘private’ ownership. -‘Cohousing’ for purchases and facilities, but may have zero AH and end up as speculative. ‘Community Land Trusts’ for accountability but spectrum is from paternalism to self-help Demand currently imprecise: research on ‘self build’ appetites - Plymouth, York (x2), Sheffield   ___________________________ Source: Ashley Vale, Bristol ___________________________ Source: Ashley Vale, Bristol

The need for a new paradigm 11/13/2018 11:17 AM The need for a new paradigm 4 Issues for a new paradigm to address Appetite for UK owner-occupation not diminished / limited interest in traditional ‘shared ownership’, or long-term rent ‘Mutuals’ as means to overcome UK market excess : costs / alienation / poor design Many ‘mutual’ groups supportive of mixing ownership and rental occupancies Prepared to secure ‘affordability’ and provide ‘affordable housing’ Current lead-in demands accentuate ‘risk’ : long times, uncertain sites, difficult funding; little familiarity with collaborative processes in UK ___________________________ Source: East Winns, Findhorn ___________________________ Source: East Winns, Findhorn

Mixing old tenures for something new 11/13/2018 11:17 AM Mixing old tenures for something new 5 Key elements for a new paradigm Community ‘freehold’ / long leaseholds & long rental tenancies / resale & re-let covenants Positive support for sustained ‘affordability’ Mortgages finance via ‘High Street’ lenders / options for ‘community (crowd) funding’ Affordable Housing provision, & access to Registered Provider status and grant Options for rent-to-equity Direct local accountability Single utilities and common costs Rights to acquire land Political support for insertion within market frameworks (finances, viabilities, etc.) ___________________________ Source: Springhill, Stroud ___________________________ Source: Springhill, Stroud

New paradigm : ‘investing in neighbourhoods’ 11/13/2018 11:17 AM New paradigm : ‘investing in neighbourhoods’ 6 Potential options for a new paradigm (a) ’Mutual ownership’ – LILAC (b) New ‘custom build’ tenure (c) Collaborative ‘bond’ finances (d) Creating a spectrum of ‘Land Trusts’ (e) Joint private–community partnerships Expand role of ‘Land Trusts’ as basis for mainstreaming complementary approaches to collaborative projects: Community Land Trusts Co-operative Land Trusts Cohousing Land Trusts ‘Custom Build ‘Land Trusts ___________________________ Source: LILAC, Leeds Conclusion ___________________________ Source: LILAC, Leeds

Putting the new paradigm in place ….. 11/13/2018 11:17 AM Putting the new paradigm in place ….. 7 Good neighbourhoods happen when people demand them ..... To show ‘demand’, people have to come forward .... To come forward, people must believe they could succeed .... To believe, people need inspiration .... Inspiration needs practical examples ..... Examples need imagination and creativity ..... Creativity must fashion frameworks .... Frameworks need to be embedded in local communities ..... Communities grow from neighbourhoods. ___________________________ Source: Forge Bank, Lancaster ___________________________ Source: Forge Bank, Lancaster

11/13/2018 11:17 AM Key Reports 8 Bringing Democracy Home’ (2009) Commission on Co-operative and Mutual Housing, UK Action Plan to Promote Growth of Self Build Housing’ (DCLG / NaSBA, 2011) Centre for Housing Policy (2013) : “Build-it- yourself? : understanding the changing landscape of the UK self-build market”, University of York ‘Policy Exchange (2013) : “A Right to Build”, London, UK National Self Build Association (2013) : “How the public sector can help people build their own homes”, (www.nasba.org.uk) ‘Mutual Housing Group’ (http://mutualhousinggroup.coop/) : Report of the ‘Land and Society Commission’ (2011), Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors, London, UK ___________________________ Source: Threshold Centre, Dorset ___________________________ Source: Threshold Centre, Dorset