10.1-The Function of Digestion SBI 3U1 Macromolecules and vitamnins

Tissue: a cluster of similar cells that share the same specialized structure and function. There are four main types of tissue: 1. Epithelial 2. Muscle 3. Nervous 4. Connective

How many organ systems can you name????? Hint: There are 11 systems Recall: The Organization of Animal Systems from Smallest –to Largest Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organs Systems How many organ systems can you name????? Hint: There are 11 systems

Organ Systems

Organ Systems Cont’d

3 Main Fluid Compartments in the Body Your body is made up of over 60 % water. Water is found in the following areas of your body: 1) Cytoplasm inside the cell Fluid between the cells ( interstitial fluid) Fluid in the blood

Nutrients Nutrients are divided into 2 groups: Macronutrients ( Organic) produced by living organisms carbohydrates, proteins and fats contain C , H and O Micronutrients (Inorganic) comes from rocks, soil and the sea Minerals, vitamins

Macromolecules/Macronutrients Large, complex molecules The raw materials the human body needs to provide energy and perform all cellular functions. They contain essential nutrients- nutrients that must be obtained from food They fuel the body’s metabolism–all the chemical processes carried out by cells. There are 4 types: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

1) Carbohydrates Consist of Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen (Ratio --- 1 : 2 : 1) Provides short-term or long-term energy storage for organisms 2 main types: simple sugars & polysaccharides Ex. Glucose (C6H12O6)

Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides: Simple sugars Do not need to be broken down. Used directly  quick energy Examples: glucose (the sugar in blood) fructose (the sugar in fruit) Types of Carbohydrates

Types of Carbohydrates Disaccharides: 2 simple sugars Must be broken down to obtain energy. Examples: sucrose (table sugar) lactose (the sugar in dairy products)

Types of Carbohydrates Polysaccharides: complex carbohydrates Must be broken down to obtain energy. Examples: starch (energy storage in plants) Cellulose ( found in cell wall of plants) glycogen (made of glucose sub units)

What are some sources of carbohydrates? Examples: potatoes, pasta, rice and bread. When large amounts of carbohydrates are consumed they are stored as glycogen in the liver and converted into fat.

2)Lipids Insoluble in water Made up of : glycerol + 3 fatty acids Examples: fat, butter lard, oil Used in Energy Storage stores 2.25X more energy per gram than other biological molecules

Lipids Cont’d Examples: phospholipids Form the cell membrane Separate cellular contents external environment.

3)Proteins The body has a variety of proteins Differ in shape, function and size. They are built from amino acid sub-units and joined by peptide bonds A.k.a. polypeptides Examples: enzymes, antibodies

4) Nucleic Acids Promotes direct growth and development of all organisms Composed of: 5 Carbon sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (A, T, G, C) Examples: DNA and RNA

Breaking down of Macromolecules: Hydrolysis Hydrolysis - a chemical reaction in which water breaks down macromolecules into smaller molecules. *Note: Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids all need to be broken down by hydrolysis before the body can use them.

Breaking down Macromolecules: Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions such as hydrolysis A large number of digestive enzymes are used during digestion to help speed up the rate in which food is broken down in your body.

Types of Digestive Enzymes See pg. 404 in your text

Micronutrients Examples: Vitamins and minerals Micronutrients must be taken in small amounts to be part of a balanced diet

Minerals Mineral Key function in the body Possible Sources Calcium Iron Magnesium Potassium Sodium Copy this chart on pg. 405 using your textbook

Vitamins Vitamin Key function in the body Possible Sources A (carotene) B1 (thiamine) C (ascorbic acid) D E Copy this chart on pg. 405 using your textbook

The importance of Water in the body Transporting dissolved nutrients into the cell Flushing toxins from cells Lubricating tissues and joints Forming essential body fluids (ie. blood and mucus) Regulating body temperature (by sweating) Eliminating waste materials (urine & sweat)

The Four Stages of Food Processing Ingestion: the taking in or eating of food Digestion: the breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical processes into molecules small enough for cells to absorb Absorption: the transport of the products of digestion from the digestive system into the circulatory system, which distributes them to the rest of the body Elimination: the removal of undigested solid waste matter from the body  

The Digestive Tract in Different Organisms Think-Pair-Share: Why do herbivores and omnivores usually have longer digestive tracts than carnivores?  

The Digestive Tract of the Earthworm Alimentary canal- Long open tube/ digestive tract. It starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. Common to all organisms The earthworm has a very simple digestive tract- unlike humans   The earthworm has a simple digestive tract. Decaying plant and animal matter in the soil provides the earthworm with nutrients. Undigested materials pass through the tract and are eliminated through the anus as worm castings.

The Human Digestive Tract

Homework: Read and make notes 10.1 Copy the following charts into your notebook- pg.403, 404, 405, Complete pg. 406 #1-6