Anatomy and Physiology

Leonardo Da Vinci and Anatomy

Anatomy vs. Physiology Anatomy: branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts. Example: What are the parts that make up the heart? Physiology: deals with the function of body parts. Example: How does the heart pump blood to the body? Metabolism- the total sum of all chemical reactions in the body Structure ALWAYS REFLECTS function!! Shape of teeth reflect how they tear and grind food

Levels of Organization

Characteristics of Life Movement – movement of the organism or internal parts. Responsiveness – reaction to internal and external changes. Growth – increase in size without change in shape. Respiration – use of oxygen, removal of carbon dioxide. Digestion – breakdown of food into simpler forms

Characteristics of Life Absorption: movement of substances through membranes and into fluids. Circulation: movement with body fluids. Assimilation: changing nutrients into chemically different forms. Nitrogen waste into urea, building proteins from amino acids Excretion: removal of metabolic wastes (cellular wastes)

Requirements of Organisms Water – required for metabolic reactions and for transport of substances and temperature regulation. Food – Nutrients needed to supply energy and raw materials for building new living matter.

Requirements of Organisms 3. Oxygen – Used by releasing energy from nutrients. Cellular Respiration.

Requirements of Organisms 4. Heat – a byproduct of metabolism, its presence governs the rate at which reactions occur. 5. Pressure – force required to facilitate movement of air or fluids, heart action produces blood pressure, osmotic pressure occurs when cells gain or lose water.

Homeostasis Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable internal environment (fluid surrounding the cells). The body can only function when factors such as nutrients, oxygen, water, heat, and pressure are within a narrow range.

Temperature Control

Negative Feedback

Positive Feedback An increase in one aspect triggers an increase response of another…. Not many examples of this… ** Child birth– hormones that trigger contractions ** Blood clotting mechanism

Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position – standing erect, head forward, arms to the sides and palms facing forward. ** Note: whenever you talk about the right or left side, you are referring to the patient’s right or left not your right or left side!!!

Planes of the section of the body Body Sections – observation of internal body parts requires the sectioning of the body into planes. Sagittal – divide into equal right and left sides Transverse – divide into top and bottom halves Coronal / Frontal– divides the front and back parts

Cavities within the cranial cavity

Other Body Cavities

Relative Positions Describes the location of one body part in relation to another body part. Superior – above another part or closer to the head Inferior – below another body part or closer to the feet. Anterior – (ventral) towards the front (eyes are anterior to the ears) Posterior – (dorsal) towards the back.

Relative Positions Medial – closer to the middle (midline) Lateral – towards the side form the midline. Proximal – closer to the point of attachment to the trunk. Distil – farther from the point of attachment to the trunk. Superficial – near the body surface Deep – farther from the body surface

Use of Anatomical Terms

Membranes in the Ventral Body Cavity Organs within the ventral cavity are called viscera. The organ and the cavity itself is covered with a thin membrane (serous) There are 2 parts to the serous membrane: Parietal Layer – lines the wall of the cavity. Visceral Layer – adheres to the organ. A thin layer of serous fluid is located between the parietal and visceral layers to reduce friction when the viscera move.

Visceral Pleura Parietal pleura

Serous Membranes Serous membranes are named according to where it is located: Parietal pleura/Visceral pleura – membranes that line the pleural cavity and lungs. Parietal pericardium/Visceral pericardium – membranes that line the pericardial cavity and the heart. Parietal peritoneum/visceral peritoneum – membranes that line the peritoneal cavity and the viscera in the abdominopelvic cavity.