The Enlightenment and the American Revolution Chapter 17

17-1 Philosophy in the Age of Reason “Go, wondrous creature! Mount where Science guides; Go, measure earth, weigh air, and state the tides; Instruct the planets in what orbs to run, Correct old Time, and regulate the sun.” -Alexander Pope, Essay on Man

Progress and Reason Scientific successes led to study of ______. The Enlightenment Social Political Economic Natural laws- laws that govern human nature; revolution in thinking

Two Views of the Social Contract Thomas Hobbes Leviathan Social contract John Locke Reasonable people Natural rights Limited government If government fails then……. Naturaly cruel evil need a social contract; give up rights for a powerful government (absolutism); right to life, liberty, and property

Separation of Powers 1700s France saw a flowering of Enlightenment thought Baron de Montesquieu limited monarchy Three separate branches: Checks and balances Legislative, executive, judicial

The Philosophes and Society Voltaire Defends Freedom of Thought Aristocrats Battled against: Offended the French government and the Catholic Church Lovers of wisdom, using reason to reform gov.; inequality, injustice, and superstition, slave trade, religious intolerance

The Encyclopedia Denis Diderot “to change the general way of thinking” Topics of articles: Banned from Catholics Helped spread Enlightenment Freedom of expression, denouced slavery, eduction for all, attacked divinde right theory

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Natural innocence Minimum control Subordinate to community Hatred for all forms of political and economic oppression

Women and the Enlightenment “free and equal”? Mary Wollenstonecraft Good mother first Decide her own interests A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 1792 = education only education could give women tools needed for equality

New Economic Thinking Laissez Faire Adam Smith Physiocrats- Land v. Trade Free trade Opposed taxes on trade Adam Smith Wealth of Nations No government regulation Focused on economic reform; supply and demand;

17-2 Enlightenment Ideas Spread

The Challenge of New Ideas Censorship Books banned and burned Writers disguised their ideas in _____. Exposed corruption and hypocrisy on European society. Salons Women invited friends for poetry readings; equal footing between nobility and middle class; spread enlightenment ideas

Enlightened Depots Frederick the Great Enlightened depots- King of Prussia 1740-86 Admired Voltaire Peasants- “everyone can go to heaven in his own fashion” Strong civil service Simplified laws Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change; distributed seeds and tools to peasants,

Catherine the Great (Russia) Exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot Serfdom But… Joseph II (Hapsburg) “peasant emperor” Religious tolerance to: Ended censorship Abolished ______ Sold property of monasteries to build ______ Limited serfdom but expanded empire; disguised as peasant to learn their problems;

Lives of the Majority E. Europe v. W. Europe How were peasants taken advantage of in Western Europe? Had to repair after floods and nobles could go through fields fox hunting.

17-3 American Revolution

The 13 English Colonies Navigation Acts- Colonists seek autonomy Not enforced. Why? Colonists seek autonomy

Growing Discontent Early Clashes Parliament passed laws to increase taxes on colonies. Why? “no taxation without representation” Early Clashes Boston Massacre Boycott Stamp and Townshend Act Boston Tea Party First Continental Congress Compensate for 7 years war, french and indian war; job disputes, tea tax,

Declaring Independence 1776 Second Continental Congress Declaration of Independence July 4th, 1776 Written by Thomas Jefferson, inspired by _____. Popular sovereignty Pop sov- all government power comes from the people;

The American Revolution British advantages: Loyalist, slaves, Native Americans Colony advantages: The French Alliance Supplies, soldiers, and ____ Also support from: Treaty of Paris 1781 Money, professional soldiers, huge fleet-----fighting for a cause, their home turf, ---navy—Spain and Netherlands

A New Constitution The Impact of Enlightenment Ideas Limited Freedom Articles of Confederation The Constitution The Impact of Enlightenment Ideas Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau Federal republic- Bill of Rights Limited Freedom Exclusions: Power divided between the federal and state gov.; montes= 3 branches