Bellringer: 11/17 and 11/18 1. Pick up the papers by the door. 2. Work on the Sci. Rev. chart you picked up. 3. Update your ToC: Page 59: Chart – Scientific Rev. Impacts Page 60: Notes – Enlightenment in Age of Reason Page 61: Doc. Analysis: Enlightenment Thinkers 4. Write down your HW: Study for your Scientific Rev. & Enlightenment vocab quiz NEXT CLASS!

Agenda: 11/17 and 11/18 1. Bellringer 2. Notes – Enlightenment in the Age of Reason 3. Document Analysis: Enlightenment Thinkers 4. Map – Enlightenment in Europe and the Colonies

Philosophy in the Age of Reason The Enlightenment

The Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment 1500s and 1600s: Reason (rather than religion) began to guide thinking. Natural Law: rules discoverable by reason (such as gravity and magnetism) – applying this to politics/society

Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes is known for a book called Leviathan. According to Hobbes, people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. Thus, they needed a strong (absolute) government to control themselves.

Hobbes, cont’d. Without laws, life “in the state of nature” would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” People entered into a social contract, where they voluntarily gave up their freedom to the government in exchange for an organized and safe society. This would be an absolute monarchy.

  People are: Solution: Government: Influenced: Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679 naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish and will fight, rob, and oppress one another Social Contract Absolute Monarchy could best impose order and compel obedience  Rousseau

John Locke More optimistic view of human nature Locke is known for writing Two Treatises of Government. People are basically reasonable and moral. (opposite to Hobbes)

Locke, cont’d. People have natural rights, which are rights they are born with. These include life, liberty and property. (Dec of Ind?) The best type of government had limited power and was accepted by all citizens. Locke supported the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England.

  People are: Solution: Government: Influenced: John Locke 1632-1704 basically good and moral and have natural rights people form a govt. to protect their natural rights has limited power; if a govt fails the people = people can revolt leaders of the American Revolution like Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison

The Philosophes philosophers who applied the methods of science to understand and improve society Baron de Montesquieu Voltaire Diderot Rousseau

Montesquieu Wrote The Spirit of Laws Introduced the separation of government powers into three branches, executive, legislative, and judicial Introduced checks and balances, where each branch had equal power and could check over each of the other two branches.

  Thoughts: Influenced: Montesquieu 1632-1704 1. best way to protect liberty is to divide powers of government among three branches (legislative, executive, judicial) 2. Each branch should be able to check the other two called Checks and Balances The foundation of American Government

Voltaire “I disagree with what you say but I will defend to death your right to say it.” His penned attacks offended the French government and the Catholic church. By exposing corruption, he targeted the wealthy, the slave trade and religious prejudices

  Thoughts: Influenced: Voltaire 1632-1704 1. “I disagree with what you say but I will defend to death your right to say it.” 2. Hated corruption, slave trade, and religious prejudice American 1st Amendment

Diderot Published the Encyclopedia 28 volumes of philosophy, government, and religion More than 4,000 copies were printed immediately and it helped to spread ideas across the globe. The articles denounced slavery, praised freedom of expression, and education for all

  Thoughts: Influenced: Diderot 1632-1704 1. edited set of books about government, philosophy and religion 2. Against slavery, wanted freedom of expression, urged education for all spread Enlightenment ideas to the Americas

Rousseau Wrote The Social Contract Perhaps the most controversial of all the Enlightenment philosophers, he puts faith in the “general will” or the people. He suggests that government control be minimal, and only freely elected governments should impose any control. He would support a republic or democracy.

Rousseau People were naturally good but were corrupted by the evils of society and the unequal distribution of property the good of the community should be placed above individual interests

  Thoughts: Influenced: Rousseau 1632-1704 People were naturally good but were corrupted by society, which was the evil (i.e. crime, unequal property) Limited control of ppl. By govt. 3. governments should only be freely elected in order to impose such limits 4. Community > individual Thomas Paine and Marquis de Lafayette (American and French Revolutionaries)

Mary Wollstonecraft Women were being left out of the social contract equal education for boys and girls

  Thoughts: Influenced: Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797 1. Women were being left out of the social contract 2. equal education for boys and girls  Later social equality, thinkers, feminist movements