Types of Mutations Thanks to Ms. Sara Dozier and Ms. Kimball for many of these slides! *

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Types of Mutations Thanks to Ms. Sara Dozier and Ms. Kimball for many of these slides! *

Mutations Mistakes in the nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a cell Caused by: Errors during DNA replication UV light Radiation Toxic chemicals Some viruses Immune system *

What is a Mutant? *

We are ALL Mutants! *

Why Mutate? Mutations are a natural source of variation Variety in a population is good! Variation is essential to evolution SOME mutations are good: help an organism survive and reproduce SOME mutations are bad: cause disease or death MOST mutations are neutral: do not help nor hurt Often repaired or not expressed *

Do Mutations Matter? Antibiotic resistance is due to mutations (GOOD for bacteria, BAD for us) Tay Sachs Disease is due to a frame shift mutation (BAD for humans) Some people are resistant to HIV infection due to a mutation in an immune cell receptor CCR5 (GOOD for those lucky ones!) *

HIV HIV is a virus - it’s not considered a living thing because it needs a host cell to reproduce and make proteins HIV affects the immune system, making it hard for an infected person to fight off other diseases HIV has a high mutation rate, which means it’s constantly changing and evolving This makes it very difficult to create a cure or vaccine *

Point Mutation A single base in the DNA sequence is changed to another base 3 types of point mutations: Silent Missense Nonsense *

Silent Mutation Type of point mutation A nucleotide base changes, but the amino acid stays the same ORIGINAL DNA: TAC CGT ACG GAT AAG ACT MUTATED DNA: TAC CGT ACA GAT AAG ACT ORIGINAL RNA: AUG GCA UGC CUA UUC UGA MUTATED RNA: AUG GCA UGU CUA UUC UGA ORIGINAL AA: MET ALA CYS LEU PHE STOP MUTATED AA: MET ALA CYS LEU PHE STOP *

Missense Mutation Type of point mutation A nucleotide base changes which results in an amino acid to change ORIGINAL DNA: TAC CGT ACG GAT AAG ACT MUTATED DNA: TAC TGT ACA GAT AAG ACT ORIGINAL RNA: AUG GCA UGC CUA UUC UGA MUTATED RNA: AUG ACA UGC CUA UUC UGA ORIGINAL AA: MET ALA CYS LEU PHE STOP MUTATED AA: MET THR CYS LEU PHE STOP *

Nonsense Mutation Type of point mutation A nucleotide base changes which causes an early stop codon ORIGINAL DNA: TAC CGT ACG GAT AAG ACT MUTATED DNA: TAC CGT ACT GAT AAG ACT ORIGINAL RNA: AUG GCA UGC CUA UUC UGA MUTATED RNA: AUG GCA UGA CUA UUC UGA ORIGINAL AA: MET ALA CYS LEU PHE STOP MUTATED AA: MET ALA Stop *

Other types of Mutations Reading Frames Frameshift mutations Insertion of an extra nucleotide OR Deleting of a nucleotide *