CHAPTER 9 APUS

EQUALITY AFTER THE REVOLUTION Va. Statute for Religious Freedom Sense of equality being created in post-Revolution America Loyalists mainly removed from America, allows Patriot (middle/lower class) to rise Equality seen in religious freedoms, women, slavery, etc. SOCIETY OF CINCINATTI Exclusive club for officers of the Continental Army Membership included George Washington Not popular; everyone couldn’t enjoy After the Revolution, the Anglican Church is disestablished (not official or tax supported) and becomes Episcopalian Church Va. Statute for Religious Freedom Episcopalian Church Law that granted separation of church and state in Virginia Written by Thomas Jefferson

EQUALITY AFTER THE REVOLUTION REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD QUAKERS First group to form an antislavery society Abigail Adams Wife of John Adams who tells him when making new laws for the nation to “remember the ladies” REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD “Remember the ladies” Belief that reverenced the role of women as homemakers and especially mothers who were responsible for the cultivation of good republican values in young citizens

Common Features: STATE CONSTITUTIONS States were told to draft new constitutions which drew its authority from the people Common Features: Three branches of government (weak executive, strong legislative, weak judicial) Sovereignty of states Republicanism Bill of Rights STATE CONSTITUTIONS

After the American Revolution, the average citizen was worse off financially than at the beginning of the War!!

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION Good Things About Articles Articles of Confederation was the first Constitution in America Good Things About Articles Articles approved in 1781 Stepping stone to Constitution Kept us united until get a stronger one Passed two great laws (Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787) Articles made in 1777, but not approved until 1781 Maryland was the last colony to approve the A of C b/c of jealousy over western land holdings Created a “firm league of friendship” among the states 8 Major Weaknesses Lack of power to control finances Lack of power to control interstate trade Lack of power to control foreign trade Lack of power to enforce treaties Lack of military rule No judicial branch No executive branch Amendments had to be unanimous Characteristics One branch of government--legislative One vote per colony Very, very, weak

Marked off territory for the SELLING of land to pay off national debt Land Ordinance of 1785 Marked off territory for the SELLING of land to pay off national debt Township=6 miles by 6 miles Every township divided into 36 sections Each section was 1 mile by 1 mile (640 acres) Section 16 was usually for schools 4 sections reserved for government

Never be any slavery allowed Not for selling of land, but for the GOVERNING of the land!!! Would carve territory into no less than 3 and no more than 5 territories Areas would be territories until population reached 60,000 Never be any slavery allowed NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787

SHAY’S REBELLION Event that caused most people to see that the Articles of Confederation were too weak 1786 Led by Daniel Shays in 1786 Rebellion was crushed by the wealthy who hired an army

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION Constitutional Convention Alexander Hamilton called for the Annapolis Convention Hamilton saved the “Convention” by saying “lets all meet next year to strengthen the Articles of Confederation 1787 Convention was called for the “sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation Becomes known as the “Constitutional Convention” Constitutional Convention Held at Pennsylvania State House or Independence Hall 1787 Rhode Island only state to not attend (independent minded)

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION George Washington “Sword of the Revolution” Chosen unanimously as the Chairman of Constitutional Convention Ben Franklin Oldest person there; wise and grandfatherly James Madison “Father of the Constitution” Kept secret notes of the Constitution Wrote majority of the Bill of Rights Wanted a super-powerful central government Gave a 5 hour speech that only convinced himself Alexander Hamilton

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION Not Present??? Average age of delegates was 42…people were young Were nationalists--doing what’s right for the nation! Thomas Jefferson John Adams John Hancock Thomas Paine Sam Adams Patrick Henry “I have the happiness to know it is a rising sun and not a setting sun” Ben Franklin Patrick Henry didn’t go, but didn’t because “he smelled a rat”

5 Major Constitutional Compromises The Great Compromise 3/5ths Compromise Slave Trade Compromise Tariff Compromise Electoral College Compromise

GREAT COMPROMISE GREAT COMPROMISE VIRGINIA PLAN NEW JERSEY PLAN Large state plan Written mostly by James Madison Called for representation in both houses in a bicameral legislature based on population Small state plan Called for equal representation in a unicameral legislature based on equality GREAT COMPROMISE Written by Roger Sherman Said two houses--one based on population (HR) and other on equality (Senate) Two Senators for each state All tax bills start in the HR since big states would have to pay a larger portion of taxes

SLAVE TRADE COMPROMISE 3/5THS COMPROMISE Dealt with how slaves would be counted in the South Important for power in the House of Representatives Compromise allowed every 6 out of 10 slaves to be counted SLAVE TRADE COMPROMISE Agreed to end the slave trade in 20 years Final year of slave trade would be 1807

ELECTORAL COLLEGE COMPROMISE Dealt with how to elect the President of the United States President is not elected by the popular vote, but by the electoral vote

“People that have too much power tend to abuse it” SEPARATION OF POWERS Baron de Montesquieu “Father of Political Science” Advocates three branches of government for checks and balances “People that have too much power tend to abuse it”

THREE BRANCHES OF GOVT Makes laws Enforces laws Legislative Branch Executive Branch Judicial Branch How you doing???? Makes laws Enforces laws Interprets laws

“We The People” Federalists Ben Franklin Constitution begins with “We the People” in the Preamble Only 42 of the 55 stayed and 3 would not sign it Founding Fathers created a system of checks and balances to make sure no branch becomes too powerful Ben Franklin Federalists People who loved the new Constitution, thought it was strong but not too strong Tended to be wealthy, older, and better educated “A Republic, if you can keep it”

3 MAJOR FEDERALISTS Federalists Papers Write a series of essays to convince the people to ratify the Constitution Antifederalists Those against the Constitution and thought the government was too strong Tended to be poor and less educated Biggest complaint was the absence of a Bill of Rights protecting the people from the government Alexander Hamilton John Jay James Madison

RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION DELAWARE RHODE ISLAND Delaware was the first state to approve the Constitution RHODE ISLAND Rhode Island was the last state to approve the Constitution The Constitution would have never been ratified if the Bill of Rights hadn’t been added, protecting the people from the government