The Not-So-Secret Life of Future Passive Participles Gerunds, Gerundives, Passive Periphrastic, Gerund/Gerundives in Purpose Clauses

Future Passive Participles Remember that Future Passive Participles are the N-D words! Like this famous ND (Indy), their lives are also full of adventure!

Review: How To Form Them Take the PRESENT STEM of the verb (drop the –re) Add –ndus, -nda, -ndum AMARE: AMA- AMANDUS Translate as “loving” or “must be loved”

FPP Adventure 1: Gerunds! A gerund is a verbal noun. Translates –ing. In Latin, gerunds are the future passive participle in the neuter singular (just without a nominative form).

A Gerund Chart docere: to teach (FPP: docendus, -a, -um) Nom: ---- Gen.(of) docendi Dat.(to/for) docendo Acc. docendum Abl.(by/with) docendo Docendo discimus. We learn by teaching.

FPP Adventure 2: Gerundives! A gerundive is a verbal adjective. Translates –ing. In Latin, gerundives are the future passive participle in all genders, numbers, and cases. (all 1st and 2nd declension endings) Unlike gerunds, gerundives have an object. The object will be the same case/number/gender as the gerundive.

A Gerundive Chart docere: to teach (FPP: docendus, -a, -um) docendus docendi docenda docendae docendi docendorum docendae docendarum docendo docendis docendae docendis docendum docendos docendam docendas docendo docendis docendā docendis docendum docenda docendi docendorum docendo docendis docendum docenda Docendis discipulis discimus. We learn by teaching students.

FPP Adventure 3: Purpose Clauses! Gerunds and gerundives can work in purpose clauses like this: “ad” followed by the accusative gerund or gerundive: “for the purpose of ….ing” “causa” or “gratia” preceded by a genitive gerund or gerundive: “for the sake of …ing”

Purpose Clauses Ad ludum eo ad docendum. I go to school for the purpose of teaching. Ad ludum eo docendi causa (gratia). I go to school for the sake of teaching. Ad ludum eo docendi discipuli causa (gratia). I go to school for the sake of teaching the student. Ad ludum eo docendorum discipulorum causa (gratia). I go to school for the sake of teaching the students.

FPP Adventure 4: Passive Periphrastic! The passive periphrastic uses a future passive participle plus a form of “sum” It indicates obligation or necessity. (must be, has to be, have to be, had to be, will have to be) It uses a dative of agent.

“erat”: imperfect tense Passive Periphrastic Liber legendus est discipulo. The book has be read (must be read) by the student. Liber legendus erat discipulo. The book had to be read by the student. Liber legendus erit discipulo. The book will have to be read by the student. OR The book must be read by the student. “est”: present tense has to be/must be “erat”: imperfect tense had to be “erit”: future tense will have to be/must be