FORMAL ENGLISH

General introduction to the features of written formal English

General features of formal Eng Observed on all language levels, esp. on: Lexis (formal, specific) Structures (complex) Style (non sensational)

Impersonal subjects when neutrality and objectivity are aimed at. E.g. It is/appears obvious why/that There is enough proof that/where

Concise expression Preferred to vague expressions e.g.one-word verbs replace informal structures with ‘get’ Precision and objectivity, quoting

Vocabulary: frequency of ESP words with Greek or Latin origin. E.g. ‘to enquire’ /to ask; words with prefixes and suffixes,e.g. unmanifactured materials

Nominalization ouns and nominal structures are used more frequently than verbs. E.e. assignement of funds; Instead of ‘It is difficult to change ‘to make this alteration would be demanding’

Formal linking words Formal linking words (shades of meaning, gradation) discourse markers to achieve explicitness Synonyms, antonyms

Passive structures Used whenever appropriate. E.g. combination of passive voice and impersonal structurese.g. It has been proven/ acknowledged that’, There have been indications

Tentative language The usage of words that leave some possibility for other estimations or standpoints and avoid direct criticism. E.g. to appear/seem, to tend, modal verbs, possibly, possibility, expectations

Participle/infinitive structures To express various relations (often cause, consequence and time). E.g. Having developed a new method, she was invited to speak .

Responsibility Demands the acknowledgement of all sources used in writing To follow accepted citation standards

Academic English Based on formal English specific general language characteristics particular linguistic features related to individual disciplines (ESP)