“Goodness of Fit” The FIRO-B can help to determine how good one fits in various situations and work environments and with various people 11/13/2018

Theory Beyond our survival needs (food, safety, warmth, shelter) we have unique interpersonal needs that motivate us We become uncomfortable and anxious when our “set point” is not being met Schutz identified three needs (inclusion, control, and affection), and two levels (expressed and wanted) The Six-Cell Model Before Slide History: The FIRO-B was originally developed to predict how military personnel would work together in groups. It’s creator, William Schutz, was specifically studying teams working in the control rooms on submarines. 11/13/2018

Results can be used to… Show current interpersonal behavior and expectations Raise questions about your satisfaction with these behaviors Suggest alternative ways of behaving to increase your effectiveness 11/13/2018

Caution about Results…. There are no good or bad results Not a comprehensive personality test Not a measure of abilities, career interests, or achievement Hypotheses to be explored You are responsible for interpreting the meaning Must be considered in the overall context of your life Results CAN be influenced significantly by situational variables, cultural differences, misunderstanding the terms, trying to avoid extreme responses, other pressures from the environment 11/13/2018

Assumptions You’re not bound by your typical behaviors Awareness of your tendencies allows you to choose whether a particular behavior is or is not appropriate at a certain time Scores can change as you work to form new behaviors 11/13/2018

FIRO-B Stage I Interpretation Application to Your Personal and Work Life 11/13/2018

Three Interpersonal Needs The Six-Cell Model Three Interpersonal Needs INCLUSION (I) CONTROL (C) AFFECTION (A) Expressed Needs Expressed Inclusion (eI) Expressed Control (eC) Expressed Affection (eA) Wanted Needs Wanted Inclusion (wI) Wanted Control (wC) Wanted Affection (wA) Before Slide Briefly turn to page 3 and look at the shaded area of the table 11/13/2018

Interpersonal Need One: Inclusion Relates to forming new relations and associating with others in your life How much attention, recognition, and contact you seek from others Your relationships with groups, both small and large Before Slide Turn back to page 2. 11/13/2018

Interpersonal Need Two: Control Relates to decision-making, influence and responsibility, and persuasion The extent of power or dominance a person seeks How much you want to lead others or want others to lead and influence you Refers to one-on-one relationships and your behavior in groups 11/13/2018

Interpersonal Need Three: Affection Relates to emotional ties and warm connections between people The extent of closeness that a person seeks Your need to establish comfortable, warm one-on-one relationships with others 11/13/2018

Characteristics Associated with the Three Needs Inclusion Control Affection Association Power Being personal Interaction Authority Closeness Distinction Influence Openness Prominence Responsibility Supportiveness Attention Leadership Being Affirmed Participation Consistency Warmth Involvement Decisiveness Empathy Contact Dominance Encouragement Belonging Competitiveness Appreciativeness 11/13/2018

Two dimensions Measured for Each Need 11/13/2018

behavior What you actually do Can be observed Expressed Preference for initiating behavior What you actually do Can be observed by others Wanted Preference for having others initiate What you really want May not be shown openly Expressed Wanted 11/13/2018

Three Interpersonal Needs The Six-Cell Model Three Interpersonal Needs INCLUSION (I) CONTROL (C) AFFECTION (A) Expressed Needs I make an effort to include others in my activities. I try to belong, join social groups – to be with people as much as possible (0-9) I try to exert control and influence over things. I enjoy organizing things and directing others (0-9) I make an effort to get close to people. I am comfortable expressing personal feelings and I try to be supportive of others (0-9) Wanted Needs I want other people to include me in their activities and to invite me to belong. I enjoy it when others notice me (0-9) I feel most comfortable working in clear situations with clear instructions. I prefer letting others have control of my work (0-9) I want other to act warmly toward me. I enjoy it when people share their feelings with me and when they encourage my efforts. (0-9) Page 3 – Six shaded cells 11/13/2018

For these Six Shaded Cells… Low scores (0-2) suggest you do not prefer this behavior Medium scores (3-6) suggest your preference for this behavior is moderate High scores (7-9) suggest you have a strong preference for this behavior 11/13/2018

Expressed Expressed Inclusion: How often do you act in ways that encourage your participation in situations? Expressed Control: How often do you act in ways that help you direct or influence situations? Expressed Affection: How often do you act in ways that encourage warmth and closeness in relationships? 11/13/2018

Wanted Wanted Inclusion: How much do you want others to include you in their activities? Wanted Control: How much leadership and influence do you want others to assume? Wanted Affection: How much warmth and closeness do you want from others? 11/13/2018

Total Needs and Total Behavior Scores Three Interpersonal Needs Inclusion Control Affection Expressed Needs eI eC eA Total Expressed Behavior (0-27) Wanted Needs wI wC wA Total Wanted Behavior (0-27) Total Need for Inclusion (0-18) Total Need for (0-18) Total Need for Affection (0-18) Total Inter-personal Need Score (0-54) 11/13/2018

Low Overall Interpersonal Needs Score (0-15) Need for interaction with others (I, A, C) is low Interpersonal style is “cool” Need privacy to do your best work Work involves intense concentration and ideas Prefer your own company, independent decision-making, small circle of friends, more “introverted” style How well do these descriptors fit? Begin to think in terms of commonalities suggested by the several tests – do the other tests point in the same directions? 11/13/2018

Medium-Low Overall Interpersonal Needs Score (16-26) Interaction with others (A, I, C) appeals to you on a select basis Depends on the people and the context Work effectively alone, or with others when objectives are focused Concentrate on data and ideas with occasional discussions, presentations More “introverted” than “extroverted” 11/13/2018

Medium-High Overall Interpersonal Needs Score (27-38) Interacting with others is generally satisfying in all areas (A, I, C) Work best with small groups and regular contacts Consult others without relying on them for decision-making Value teamwork & one-on-one relationships Occasionally need alone time to think and reflect More “extraverted” than “introverted” 11/13/2018

High Overall Interpersonal Needs Score (39-54) Enjoy engaging frequently with others in all areas (A, I, C) Seek out, work on, and enjoy warm interpersonal relationships Work best in groups with interaction Prefer shared decision-making Very social, may not enjoy being alone Extravert 11/13/2018

Total Needs and Total Behavior Scores Three Interpersonal Needs Inclusion Control Affection Expressed Needs eI eC eA Total Expressed Behavior (0-27) Wanted Needs wI wC wA Total Wanted Behavior (0-27) Total Need for Inclusion (0-18) Total Need for (0-18) Total Need for Affection (0-18) Total Inter-personal Need Score (0-54) Your total expressed score indicates how much you act toward others to get what you need. In general, you can think of it as comfort level with taking action or being proactive. You total wanted score indicates how much you rely on others to get what you need. In general, you can think of it as comfort level with being reactive or responsive. 11/13/2018

Low Total Expressed and Low Total Wanted Interpersonal Behavior (0-7) Low Expressed: you usually do not initiate activities with others; wait before speaking Low Wanted: you usually do not want others to initiate activities; Value independence and want to rely on yourself; You do not expect much from others 11/13/2018

Medium Total Expressed and Medium Total Wanted Interpersonal Behavior (8-19) Medium Expressed: sometimes you initiate activities with others, sometimes you don’t; it depends on the context and people involved Medium Wanted: Sometimes you want others to initiate activities, sometimes you don’t; it depends on the context and people involved 11/13/2018

High Total Expressed and High Total Wanted Interpersonal Behavior (20-27) High Expressed: You usually enjoy initiating activities with others; take action easily and social settings are great opportunities to express yourself High Wanted: You usually like others to initiate activities; you rely quite a bit on others and are comfortable accepting their behaviors 11/13/2018

Comparing your Total Expressed and Total Wanted Behavior Like taking initiative more than having others do so; may keep distance Total Wanted > Total Expressed Prefer that others take the initiative more than you; may feel inhibited Total Expressed = You are cautious about expressing a behavior before you are sure how the person will respond; situation - dependent Before slide: Total expressed and total wanted scores are best interpreted in relation to one another, since they describe the general pattern you go about in satisfying your personal needs 11/13/2018

Low Total Need Scores (0-5) for Inclusion, Control, and Affection (bottom row) For Inclusion: Indifferent to being with others, no matter who initiates it For Control: Prefer less-structured situations and have a laid-back attitude toward authority – needing to neither give nor take orders For Affection: prefer formal, business-like relationships 11/13/2018

Medium Total Need Scores (6-12) for Inclusion, Control, and Affection (bottom row) For Inclusion: prefer balance between time alone and time with others, no matter who initiates it For Control: prefer moderate amount of structure and clarity around authority For Affection: prefer a realistic amount of warmth and closeness in 1-on-1 relationships, no matter who initiates 11/13/2018

High Total Need Scores (13-18) for Inclusion, Control, and Affection (bottom row) For Inclusion: prefer being involved socially, no matter who initiates it For Control: prefer structured situations with clear lines of authority and responsibility For Affection: Like a lot of warmth and closeness in 1-on-1 relationships 11/13/2018

Look at the Highest and Lowest Total Need Score Highest may be most important interpersonal need, and thus predominates your behavior and has the greatest impact on your relationships Lowest may be the need you try most to ignore or are the most indifferent about After slide: For example, if your strongest need is for Inclusion, what will be your focus when starting a new job or a new project? (Fitting In) For Control, what will your focus be? (Understanding the order and structure of a the situation; who is in charge, who has authority, what are the rules and policies, etc. For Affection, what will your focus be? (Establishing trust, exchanging ideas, reactions, and opinions, building loyalty, developing meaningful relationships 11/13/2018

Impressions You Create – How Do Others Perceive You? High Impressions Low eI Engaging, connected, fair, social Difficult to know, isolated, quiet wI Center of attention, humorous, light-hearted Private, selective, low-profile eC Structured, confident, high-strung, intense Easy-going, flexible, disorganized wC Demanding, dependent, responsive, critical Confrontational, independent, difficult eA Warm, reassuring, open, intimate Aloof, tentative, rational, business-like wA Approachable, sensitive, considerate Distant, cautious, tough, intimidating 11/13/2018

Impressions Others Make on You If You Have High You May Perceive If You Have Low wI Most rejections as devastating; “Missing the action” if away; Lack of acknowledgement is negative Most invitations as obligatory Being single-minded as threatening Group time as wasteful wC Any structuring as inadequate Standard procedures as important Sole responsibility as burdensome Any control you have as too much Plans and structures as pressure Competitive behavior as annoying wA Lack of expressed concern as insensitive Infrequent feedback as frustrating Distance from others as personal loss Reassurances as superficial Personal questions as intrusive Emotions as distracting and trying 11/13/2018

Questions for Self-Exploration Do these scores seem to represent an accurate picture of who you really are? Can you think of specific examples of the behavior described? In what ways do the scores not represent important ways you behave? Do the results suggest ways that others see you that you might want to change? What can the results tell you about the way you act in trying to fulfill your needs for being part of a group? For control? For close relationships? Discussion 11/13/2018