Identifying, Detecting, and Classifying Mental Disorders Chapter 1 Identifying, Detecting, and Classifying Mental Disorders © 2016 Academic Media Solutions

Identifying Mental Disorders: What Are They? Mental disorders have been defined as: Deviations from social expectations Conditions that mental health professionals treat Labels for disliked actions Subjective distress or unhappiness Dysfunctions that cause harm © 2016 Academic Media Solutions

Identifying Mental Disorders: What Are They? The DSM-5 Definition (p. 5) Cultural context Distress/disability Individual dysfunction of psychological, biological or developmental processes Cognition Emotion regulation Behavior © 2016 Academic Media Solutions

Classroom Activity: Distinguishing Normal from Abnormal Behavior Case # 1: Tom is uncomfortable riding escalators. As a result, Tom avoids using any escalator. Case #2: Rachel has been caught urinating in the corner of her bedroom. Is her behavior abnormal? © 2016 Academic Media Solutions

Assessment and Diagnosis Three Steps Gather information Organize and process information to form a clinical description Compare description using a nosology to arrive at a diagnosis © 2016 Academic Media Solutions

Assessment and Diagnosis Reliability (consistency) Interrater reliability Test-retest reliability Validity (what it measures & how well it does so) Concurrent validity Predictive validity Standardization (ensures consistency in the use of a technique) © 2016 Academic Media Solutions

Assessment Tools: How Do Health Professionals Detect Mental Disorders? 1. Life Records E.g., school grades, court records, police reports, medical records 2. Interviews Structured interview Mental Status Examination (MSE) Social history Confidentiality © 2016 Academic Media Solutions

Assessment Tools: How Do Health Professionals Detect Mental Disorders? 1. Life Records 2. Interviews 3. Psychological Tests Intelligence tests Neuropsychological tests Personality tests Projective tests © 2016 Academic Media Solutions

Assessment Tools: How Do Health Professionals Detect Mental Disorders? 1. Life Records 2. Interviews 3. Psychological Tests 4. Observations 5. Biological Measures Neurodiagnostic procedures © 2016 Academic Media Solutions

Figure 1. 5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain (p Figure 1.5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain (p. 20) (a) CT scan (b) MRI Sources: (a) Santibhavanak P/Shutterstock.com. (b) Triff/Shutterstock.com. © 2016 Academic Media Solutions

Figure 1. 5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain (p Figure 1.5 Mapping the Geography of the Brain (p. 20) (c) PET scan (d) fMRI Sources: (c) Jens Maus (Langner) (http://www.jens-langner.de) (d) John Graner, Neuroimaging Department, National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA. . © 2016 Academic Media Solutions

Diagnostic Classification: How Do Health Professionals Categorize Mental Disorders? History of the DSM DSM-I: 1952 DSM-II: 1968 DSM-III: 1980; DSM-III-R: 1987 DSM-IV: 1994; DSM-IV-TR: 2000 DSM-5: 2013 © 2016 Academic Media Solutions

Diagnostic Classification: How Do Health Professionals Categorize Mental Disorders? Diagnosis involves: Specific operational criteria for each disorder A polythetic approach Assessment of Medical conditions Exposure to stressors Overall functioning Comorbidity with other mental disorders © 2016 Academic Media Solutions

Diagnostic Classification: How Do Health Professionals Categorize Mental Disorders? DSM-5 Diagnostic Categories Neurodevelopmental disorders Elimination disorders Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders Bipolar and related disorders Depressive disorders Anxiety disorders Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders Trauma- and stressor-related disorders Dissociative disorders Somatic symptom and related disorders Feeding and eating disorders Sleep-wake disorders Sexual dysfunctions Gender dysphoria Substance-related and addictive disorders Neurocognitive disorders Personality disorders Paraphilic disorders Other mental disorders © 2016 Academic Media Solutions