TERM 1 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Get ready…

Diffusion vs. Osmosis Diffusion Osmosis Diffusion is the movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Diffusion demo – citrus spray Osmosis is the diffusion of water; it is the movement of water molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Carrot Lab Carrot in salt water Carrot in distilled water

Photosynthesis vs. Respiration The process by which autotrophs make glucose from water and CO2 in the presence of sunlight. Without this process, there would be no life on Earth. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of all autotrophs. Uses chlorophyll to capture the light. The process of breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen to generate ATP. This process occurs in the mitochondria of ALL cells.

Mendel’s Laws Some traits have two forms: dominant and recessive. Dominant is the form that is seen more often and the recessive trait can “hide” in the background. Law of Independent Assortment: traits are inherited independently. A pea plant can be tall with round seeds OR tall with wrinkled seeds. This is not true in all organisms. Law of Segregation: during the formation of gametes, allele pairs separate.

Punnett Squares These squares predict the outcome of a cross. They were made by Reginald Punnett, NOT Mendel. They are based on probability. A monohybrid cross has four boxes and a dihybrid cross has 16 boxes.

Homozygous vs. heterozygous Homozygous – 2 of the same allele TT or tt Can be dominant or recessive Heterozygous – 2 different alleles Tt Always dominant Can be a carrier of a recessive disease

Mutations Mutations are ANY change in the DNA base sequence. There are several different types of mutations. Mutations can result in a new codon; this results in a new amino acid which sometimes can change the protein dramatically. Mutations can be helpful, harmful, or have no effect on the organism.

Mitosis vs. Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis Mitosis is the process when cells divide to replace old cells or to grow. This happens in body cells. One cell to 2 cells. Exact copy of the parent cell. Makes diploid cells. This happens in animals and plants. Meiosis is the process of the formation of sex cells (gametes). They have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells. One cell to 4 cells. Makes haploid cells. Crossing over allows for genetic diversity. This happens in animals and plants.

Proteins They are the building blocks of all cells. DNA has the information to make all proteins. Proteins are made by the ribosomes. Proteins are made out of amino acids and held together by peptide bonds. There are 20 different amino acids. There can be many different proteins because of the many different combinations of amino acids. Protein synthesis is called translation.

DNA vs. RNA ATGC Deoxyribose Double stranded Stays in the nucleus Discovered by Watson and Crick AUGC Ribose Single stranded Leaves the nucleus 3 types: rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

Animal cell vs. Plant Cell Round shape Has lysosomes and centrioles Does respiration. Rectangular shape Has chloroplasts, a cell wall, and a large vacuole. Does photosynthesis and respiration.

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Have a nucleus Have membrane bound organelles (like mitochondria and/or chloroplasts Are very large cells Example – animal or plant cells Have no nucleus Have no membrane bound organelles Are very small cells Example - bacteria

Translation mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome. The ribosome reads each codon (3 bases) on the mRNA. The tRNA brings the amino acid specified for by the mRNA. The tRNA attaches to the mRNA codon with its anticodon. The ribosome attaches the amino acids together with a peptide bond. The ribosome continues moving down the mRNA codon by codon. This process continues until a stop codon is reached.

Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that are responsible for chemical reactions that take place in the cell. Enzymes are very specific. They work like a lock and a key. Enzymes work best at their optimal range. Extreme temperature and acidic or basic conditions can really affect the activity of enzymes. The structure of the proteins can change in these conditions (denaturing). Example – Potato Lab

Homeostasis Homeostasis is the process where the body returns its levels to “normal”. Levels include Temperature – Ice Lab Heart rate – Heart Rate Lab Blood pressure – Heart Rate Lab