The Arms Race Begins From 1945-1949 USA was the only nation to have Nuclear Bombs. In 1949, the Soviets developed the atomic bomb.

In the 1950’s Britain, France, and the USSR all have nuclear weapons. Nuclear Holocaust- In the 1950’s Britain, France, and the USSR all have nuclear weapons. World leaders realize the clash between the superpowers could destroy mankind.

Arms Race Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected to succeed Harry S. Truman as president Nikita Khrushchev succeeded Josef Stalin as Soviet Premier

Arms race In 1957, the launch of the satellite Sputnik into space drastically changes the arms race

The arms race begins…. Both countries began developing their weapons so as to be able to ‘outgun’ their opponents. This meant: developing more powerful weapons Having more of one weapon than the other side WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS? Cheaper than having a large army They were a deterrent. The idea was to have so many missiles that they could not all be destroyed. If one side attacked then it knew that the other could retaliate. This was known as MAD – MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION. For some the Arms Race was a test of the strengths of Capitalism v communism

Why was there a nuclear arms race? USSR 76 IBMs 700 Medium range bombers 1,600 bombers 38,000 Tanks 12 Nuclear submarines 495 Conventional submarines 0 Battleships and cruisers US 450 ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missile) 250 Medium range missiles 2,260 Bombers 16,000Tanks 32 Nuclear submarines 260 Conventional submarines 76 Battleships and carriers

US vs. USSR The Cold War competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led to the “Space Race” Though the U.S. built intercontinental missiles capable of delivering nuclear warheads anywhere in the world, Americans were shocked when the Soviet Union was able to send a satellite, Sputnik I, into orbit in 1957

In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite—Sputnik I—a feat that caused many Americans to believe the United States had “fallen behind” the Soviet Union in terms of understanding science and the uses of technology. The success of the Soviet satellite launch led to increased U.S. government spending on education, especially in mathematics and science, and on national military defense programs. Additionally, Sputnik I increased Cold War tensions by heightening U.S. fears that the Soviet Union might use rockets to launch nuclear weapons against the United States and its allied nations. Space Race

Reaction to Sputnik Though at first President Eisenhower dismissed the feat, the U.S. created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and passed the National Defense Education Act which provided money for science and math education

President Kennedy’s Address On 21 May, 1961 President Kennedy made a famous speech in which he announced an ambitious plan to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade – The Apollo Program was launched https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwFvJog2dMw

Humans in Space Soviets first to fulfill human spaceflight with own spaceship and launcher First Human: Yuri Gagarin Vostok 1 April 12, 1961 Orbited Earth for 108min

Humans in Space 23 days later, Alan Shepard entered space for the USA Sub-orbital mission Freedom7 Less than 16min Altitude of 187km

Humans in Space First American to orbit the Earth, John Glenn February 20, 1962 Completed 3 orbits Friendship7

Humans in Space More Soviet Firsts First dual-manned flight: August 11, 1962 First woman: Valentina Tereshkova. June 16, 1963 First flight with more than 2 crew: October 12, 1964 First spacewalk: March 18, 1965

Lunar Missions Before they could put a person on the Moon, unmanned spacecraft had to land safely. Americans: The Pioneer Program The Ranger Program The Lunar Orbiter Program The robotic Surveyor Program (locate Apollo landing sites) Soviets: Luna 1 (January 1959), Luna 2 (September 1959)

The Apollo Program Established in 1961 President Kennedy and V.P. Lyndon B. Johnson Goal: manned moon-landing missions December 21, 1968: James Lovell, Frank Borman and Bill Anders in Apollo 8 orbited the moon 10 times

The Apollo Program July 20, 1969. Apollo 11 mission Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins 5 other Apollo missions have landed on the moon Last in 1972

US Takes the Lead With the success of Apollo 11, the United States had taken the lead in the space race. The space race continued until the collapse of the Soviet Union, but space exploration continues today. The International Space Station is an orbiting station on which American and astronauts from former Soviet countries now explore space as friends.

The failure of disarmament Both sides hoped for arms reductions to cut defence spending After Stalin’s death East-West relations had improved USSR proposed: reduction of armed forces Eventual abolition of atomic weapons International inspections to supervise this

The USA…. Wanted strong inspection system Proposed ‘open skies’ – openly photograph each others sites from planes USSR rejected this USA rejected initial USSR proposals Stalemate