New France in the first half of the 18th century

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Presentation transcript:

New France in the first half of the 18th century

I. Population Growth From 1713 to 1752 the population of New France grew from approx. 24,000 to 75,300 85% of the population lived in rural areas The main urban centers were Montreal, Quebec City and Trois-Rivières

II. Social origins of the Canadiens Three social classes existed in New France: (2.5%) Nobility (governor, intendant, high-ranking military officers) (0.5%) Clergy (bishops, priests, members of religious communities) (97%) 3rd Estate (seigneurs, bourgeois, small merchants, craftspeople, workers, censitaires, day labourers)

Slaves in New France: From 1700 to 1760 about 2000 slaves lives in the St. Lawrence Valley Most slaves were Natives who lived primarily in domicilie villages. A small percentage were Black Most were domestic workers & had no rights or legal protection

III. From French to Canadien Introduction: Colonists of New France developed a unique culture and way of life due to: The climate Contact with the Natives Colonists in the Vallee du St. Laurent became known as the Canadiens due to their unique identity from the mother country Colonists in the Maritimes became known as the Acadians

Acclimatization: Canadiens began adapting their clothing, tools, transportation… to the climate Clothing Transportation Adapted Homes Wearing warmer clothing: boots Hats Overcoats snowshoes Deeper foundations Slanted roofs Double pane windows

Independent Spirit/Native Influence: Habitant A term often used to refer to Canadien farmers Independent Spirit/Native Influence: The habitants are believed to have developed an independent spirit – an attitude of disobedience due to: Geographical distance from the mother country Influence of the natives (clothes, transportation, tools…) Symbols of the Independent Spirit include: Bark canoe Snowshoes Coureur de Bois Coureur de bois Bark canoe

IV. Economic Development Economic Diversification 1. Economic Difficulties: Economy of New France was still primarily based on the fur trade Most colonists practiced farming Intendents Michel Begon and Gilles Hocquart focused on diversifying the economy

2. Economic Diversification: Intendents Michel Begon and Gilles Hocquart focused on diversifying the economy The mother country also encouraged the exploitation of minerals such as iron ore in the Trois-Rivières region Begon Hocquart Hemp Timber Sawmills established Established naval shipyards Flax

The Forges du Saint-Maurice Michel Begon 1712-1726 The Forges du Saint-Maurice Gilles Hocquart 1729-1748 Produced at the Forges: Navy ships parts Wood stoves Pots Plough parts

3. Obstacles to Diversification: Economy of New France is still primarily based on one economic activity – fur trade Specialized labour was rare and costly Resources were located in remote areas and were very costly to transport The ports of Montreal and Quebec city were inaccessible in winter France didn’t support diversification due to its strict mercantilist policy

Triangular Trade Objective: promoted wealth of France A triangular trade network between France and it’s colonies in New France and the West Three Major Principles of trade: Ships are always transporting rare or unavailable products to other regions in the trade network Ships leaving the colonies transport resources to France Ships leaving France for the colonies transport manufactured products

Triangular Trade

Agriculture Most colonists practiced agriculture – primary crop was wheat Colonists began producing surpluses which were: Sold in local markets Exported to France or the West Indies Fishing Fishing posts operated by colonists were established in places such as Gaspésie

Artisanal Work Craftspeople of various trades emerged and settled in cities: Carpenters Masons Blacksmiths Painters Many craftspeople would eventually settle in rural areas and combine their trade with farming