Physical Science Chapter 19 Elements and Their Properties 1

How to Count Atoms The symbol of an element represents one atom of that element. Ex. Ba =1 atom of barium A subscript is a number written at the lower right corner behind the symbol of an element. If there is more than one atom of the element, then a subscript is used to indicate the number of atoms. Ex. Cl2 – 2 atoms of chlorine A subscript outside a parenthesis multiples all the elements inside the parenthesis. Ex. Ca3(PO4)2 = 3 calcium, 2 Phosphorus, and 8 oxygen atoms.

How to Count Atoms A coefficient is a number written in front of a chemical symbol and indicates the number of atoms of that element or number of molecules. Ex. 3C =3 carbon atoms 2NaSO4 = 2 sodium, 2 sulfur and 8 oxygen atoms A subscript is a number wirtten after an atom in a formula and indicates the number of atoms of that kind in the molecule. Ex. H2SO4 The subscript of H =2 and subscript of O = 4. Note: A coefficient multiples the number of atoms of each element in the formula. More Practice Now

19:1 Metals conduct heat and electricity, reflect light (luster); are malleable -__________________-- are ductile -_________________-- ionic bonding --combine with nonmetals by losing electrons-, Can be hammered or rolled into sheets Can be drawn into wires Video 1.a Metals 6.31 2

19:1 Quick Notes Metallic bonding (positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons; ions are in sliding layers and electrons are weakly held; readily form ionic bonds with nonmetals. 3

19:1 Quick Notes B. Alkali Metals are softer and more reactive than other metals; highly reactive with ________ & _________; combine readily with other elements due to _______ electron in outer energy level; they have multiple use: oxygen water single 6

Human health– Photocells– Francium- 19:1 Quick Notes sodium, potassium, and lithium compounds Human health– Photocells– Francium- rubidium or cesium A radioactive element which breaks down giving off particles and energy 7

Alkali Metals

C. The Alkaline Earth Metals are _____ found naturally in elemental form: ______ electrons in outer energy level. not two Alkaline Earth Metals 6

a. Applications— 19:1 Quick Notes Stontium and magnesium found in fireworks; magnesium in vehicles, ladders, and bats; calcium in statues and countertops. 10

19:1 Quick Notes b. Human body— Calcium in bones; barium in disease diagnoses; radium formerly used in cancer treatment. 11

Transition Elements—often occur in nature as combined elements 19:1 Quick Notes Transition Elements—often occur in nature as combined elements Typically form colored compounds—chromium is found in rubies and emeralds; 12

Iron Iron triad-- _______, ____, ____. 19:1 Quick Notes Iron, cobalt, and nickel Iron triad-- _______, ____, ____. i. _________-- most widely used of all metals and main ingredient in steel; abundant in Earth’s crust. _______ and nickel – used in some steel _____ used to coat other metals. Iron Cobalt Nickel

Iron Triad

19:1 Quick Notes coinage Copper, silver, gold --__________ metals since once were commonly used in coins. i. ______________ used in electrical wiring because it is a superior electricity conductor. Copper 15

___________ used in photographic film and paper, jewelry. 19:1 Quick Notes Silver ___________ used in photographic film and paper, jewelry. _____________ used in jewelry. Gold 16

Coinage Metals

Zinc, cadmium, mercury—Group ____ on the periodic table. 19:1 Quick Notes Zinc, cadmium, mercury—Group ____ on the periodic table. i. Zinc and cadmium are often used to coat or plate other metals. ii. ________ only room temperature liquid metal; used in thermometers and batteries. 12 Mercury 18

Zinc Group 12 Period 6 here.

19:1 Quick Notes E. Inner Transition Metals—seem disconnected from the rest of the periodic table. a. The Lanthanides—include _______, cerium, praseodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, and terbium. lanthanum 20

19:1 Quick Notes b. The _________________--all are radioactive and __________, ____________ is the best known. Actinides unstable uranium 7 Lanthanide and Actinide Series .47 21

Inner Transition Metals

19:2 Quick Notes A. Properties of nonmetals—usually gases or ______ solids at room temperature; are not ________ or ____________; usually poor _____________ of heat and electricity; usually not lustrous. brittle malleable ductile conductors

19:2 Quick Notes Ionic compounds—form when nonmetals gain _______ from metals and become ____________ ions. Covalent compounds-form when nonmetals share electrons with other ________________. electrons negative nonmetals 24

19:2 Quick Notes Hydrogen __________-- most common element in the universe. About 90% of all atoms in the universe are Hydrogen. a. A _________ ______-- two atoms of the same element in covalent bond. Period 4 here. Diatomic molecule

Highly reactive element found mostly on Earth as part of water. 19:2 Quick Notes Highly reactive element found mostly on Earth as part of water. Halogens --include bromine, iodine, fluorine, chlorine, and astatine. How Chlorine Bonds 10 Nobel Gases 1.15 9 Halogens .44 26

19:2 Quick Notes salt 1. A _________ forms when a halogen gains one electron from a metal. 27

Chlorine Iodine 2. Uses of halogens 19:2 Quick Notes 2. Uses of halogens i. ___________- disinfectant and bleach ii. __________ dyes in cosmetics iii. ________ hormone regulation. Chlorine Bromine Iodine 28

Halogens

19:2 Quick Notes Sublimation c. ___________ a solid changes directly into a gas without first becoming a liquid. 30

helium Neon Noble Gases—exist as isolated, stable atoms. 19:2 Quick Notes Noble Gases—exist as isolated, stable atoms. a. ________--used in blimps and balloons. b. ______, argon, and krypton—used in lights. helium Neon

Noble Gases

19:3 Quick Notes A. Properties of ___________-- form ionic and covalent bonds; have some metallic and some nonmetallic properties; partial conduction gives them ______________ characteristics. Metalloids semiconductor 33

19:3 Quick Notes Boron The ____________ Group—named for the first element in Group 13. a. ___________ used in water softening products, antiseptics and fuels. Boron 34

19:3 Quick Notes Aluminum b. _____________ --abundant in Earth’s crust; used in cans, foil wraps, pans, building materials, and aircraft. 35

Boron Group

carbon The ____________ Group-- ___ electrons in outer energy level. 19:3 Quick Notes The ____________ Group-- ___ electrons in outer energy level. a. _____________ found in coal, oil, natural gas, and foods carbon 4 carbon 13CarbonSiliconGermaniumTinLead 1.44 -- 37

19:3 Quick Notes Silicon occurs as an ________- same element with different molecular structures. i. ___________ found in sand, rocks and soil. allotrope silicon 38

c. _____________ is also used in semiconductors. 19:3 Quick Notes The main component in ___________ which conduct electricity under certain conditions. c. _____________ is also used in semiconductors. semiconductors Germanium 39

Tin allotropes ______________-- used to coat other metals. 19:3 Quick Notes Tin ______________-- used to coat other metals. Diamonds, graphite and buckminsterfullerene are all _________________ of carbon. allotropes 40

Group 14 Carbon Group

19:3 Quick Notes Nitrogen The __________ Group-- ____ electrons in outer energy level; tend to form covalent bonds. a. _________ used to make nitrates and ammonia. 15 Nitrogen 14NitrogenGroup 1.22

bismuth Antimony Phosphorus 19:3 Quick Notes Phosphorus _____________ - used in water softeners, fertilizers, match heads, fine china. __________ and ___________ used with other metals to lower their melting points. bismuth Antimony 43

Group 15 Nitrogen Group

Oxygen Oxygen The ___________ Group or Group 16. 19:3 Quick Notes Oxygen The ___________ Group or Group 16. a. ____________ makes up 20% of air, is used by living things in respiration and provides protection from the sun’s radiation. Oxygen 15OxygenFamily .58 45

19:3 Quick Notes Sulfur ______________ is used to form sulfides for pigment in paint. _____________ is used in photocopiers and multivitamins. _________ & _________ are also in the oxygen group. Selenium Tellurium polonium 46

Group 16 Oxygen Group

19:3 Quick Notes Synthetic F. ____________ Elements—scientists create elements not usually found on Earth; synthetic elements usually disintegrate quickly. 48

19:3 Quick Notes Uranium can be made into _____________ which forms plutonium when it disintegrates. _______________elements have more than _____ protons and are synthetic and unstable. neptunium Transuranium 92 49

Synthetic Elements Plutonium also can be changed to americium, element 95. This element is used in home smoke detectors.

19:3 Quick Notes The study of synthesized elements help scientists to understand the forces holding the __________ together. Element 114 lasted for ______ seconds. nucleus 30 51

repulsion It combined 114 protons with ________ neutrons. 19:3 Quick Notes It combined 114 protons with ________ neutrons. It broke apart due to enormous __________ between protons. 175 repulsion 52

Review For Test Fluorine _____________is the most chemically reactive element of all elements. When metals share their outermost electrons with a _____________the metal and nonmetal become more chemically stable. nonmetal

Extra Review ______are good conductors of electricity because their outer-level electrons are weakly held. The most reactive of all metals are the _______ *** Substances that conduct an electric current under certain conditions are ___________. Metals alkali. metalloids

Extra Review In metallic bonding positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of _________ ____________are used to make compounds used in the motion picture industry. **Metals can be used as wire because they are _________. electrons. Lanthanides ductilee

Extra Review A metal bolt with a mass of 26.6 g is placed in a 50 ml graduated cylinder containing water. The water level in the cylinder rises from 27.0 ml to 30.5 ml. What is the density of the bolt in g/cm3? D = M/V V=30.5 – 27 = 3.5 D = 26.6 / 3.5 = 7.6 g/cm3

Extra Review A person has a mass of 68.3 kg. If 65% of the mass of a human body is oxygen, what is the mass of oxygen in this person’s body? 68.3 x 65% = 44.395 kg

Review At room temperature most metals are ________. The process by which solid iodine particles change directly to gas without first becoming a liquid is called_____________. Elements that form salts by combining with metals are ____________. solids sublimation halogens

halogens transition elements. Review Hydrogen __________ is grouped with the alkali metals because it has one electron in its outer energy level. A chemical family whose members exist as reactive diatomic molecules in the gaseous phase is the _________. The elements in Groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table are the ______________________. halogens transition elements.

The only metal that is a liquid at room temperature is____________. Review A family of elements that has two electrons in its outer energy level is the ______________. Elements in which the outer electrons are not held tightly are most likely to form ______________ bonds. The only metal that is a liquid at room temperature is____________. alkaline earth metals metallic mercury

Review Cobalt, iron and nickle are known as the ____________________. Three transition elements in Group _____are mercury, zinc and cadmium. Elements that lie along the stair-step line of the PT are metalloids. A family of elements that contains the most reactive metals is the _______ metals. iron triad 12 alkali

Review Elements that have more than 92 protons are known as the ___________ elements. ___________is the most chemically reactive element of all elements. The most reactive of all metals are the alkali. ____________ are used to make compounds used in motion pictures. Transuranium Fluorine Lanthanides

Review Magnesium and stontium are found in fireworks and give them the brilliant ____________color. ________is a very hard metal used in steel production. Small amounts of this element is needed by the human body for healthy blood. ***The noble gases are in group _____. white Iron 18

Ionic Hydrogen allotropes Review Ionic _________compounds form when nonmentals gain electrons from metals and become negative ions. _____________ is the most common element in the universe. Different forms of the same element that have different chemical arrangements are called _________________. Hydrogen allotropes

**Radioactive elements comprise a majority of the _________. **An element whose nucleus breaks down and emits particles and energy is a __________ element. actinides radioactive

Inner Transition Elements Hydrogen Noble Gases Nitrogen Group Carbon Group Halogens Alkaki Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Boron Group Oxygen Group Iron Triad Zinc Group Coinage Lanthanide Series Inner Transition Elements Actinide Series