OCR Biology A.

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Presentation transcript:

OCR Biology A

Course Structure Two teachers. CFO with either ACI, AJR or IME. 12 assessed practical's over two years. Terminal exam at end of year 13 3 papers: 2x 2 hour 15 mins and 1 x 1 hour 30 mins

C O H N Key elements 99% of living things are made up of 4 elements. What 4 elements do you think they are? C O H N

Biological Molecules H & O C, H & O C, H, O & N Water Carbohydrates What biological molecules are made from these elements? H & O C, H & O C, H, O & N Water Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins and Nucleic acid

Biological Molecules Monomers Polymers Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Amino acids Polypeptides Nucleic acid Polynucleotides Polysaccharides Proteins Nucleotides

Carbohydrate Monomer Dimer Polymer

Monomer Dimer Polymer

Testing for Carbohydrates Substance Test Procedure Colour change Starch Iodine Add iodine to substance Yellow to blue-black Reducing sugar Benedict's solution Mix 4cm3 substance with 2cm3 benedict's solution and gently heat. Blue to brick red Non reducing sugar Hydrochloric acid and Benedict's solution Mix 4cm3 substance with 2cm3 hydrochloric acid and gently heat for 2 mins. Remove and allow to cool. Add sodium hydrogen carbonate until it stop fizzing. Check the pH is neutrel. Mix 4cm3 substance with 2cm3 benedict's solution and gently heat.

Protein

Testing for proteins Substance Test Procedure Colour change Protein Biuret Equal volumes of substance and sodium hydroxide are shaken to mix and then a small amount of copper sulphate solution added drop at a time and shaken in between. Blue to lilac

Lipids Lipids are not polymers they are in fact macromolecules. Phospholipid Triglycerides (fats and oils) Steroids

Testing for lipids Substance Test Procedure Colour change Lipids Emulsion Mix substance with ethanol. Then add water and shake. Turns milky

Hydrochloric acid and Benedict's solution Investigation Substance Test Procedure Colour change Starch Iodine Add iodine to substance Yellow to blue-black Reducing sugar Benedict's solution Mix 4cm3 substance with 2cm3 benedict's solution and gently heat. Blue to brick red Non reducing sugar Hydrochloric acid and Benedict's solution Mix 4cm3 substance with 2cm3 hydrochloric acid and gently heat for 2 mins. Remove and allow to cool. Add sodium hydrogen carbonate until it stop fizzing. Check the pH is neutral. Mix 4cm3 substance with 2cm3 benedict's solution and gently heat. Protein Biuret Equal volumes of substance and sodium hydroxide are shaken to mix and then a small amount of copper sulphate solution added drop at a time and shaken in between. Blue to lilac Lipids Emulsion Mix substance with ethanol. Then add water and shake. Turns milky

Substance Starch Reducing sugar Non reducing sugar Protein Lipid A B C D E