ERGONOMY Dr Majid Golabadi.

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Presentation transcript:

ERGONOMY Dr Majid Golabadi

People Are Different 11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

People Have Physical Limitations 11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM People Have Physical Limitations ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

People Have Emotional Limitations 11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM People Have Emotional Limitations ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Terminology ERGO = WORK NOMOUS = LAW

“fitting the job to the worker” NIOSH: The science of fitting workplace conditions and job demands to the capabilities of the working population “fitting the job to the worker”

A Model Framework for Assessment of Medical Fitness for Work

Ergonomics a Multidisciplinary Science

تناسب کار و انسان انسان كار ارگونومی توانايي‌ها خواسته‌ها ارگونومی

منافع ارگونومي كاهش آسيب‌هاي جسمي افزايش بهره‌وري كاهش خطاهاي انساني /دوباره‌كاري (بهبود كيفيت) كاهش روزهاي كار از دست‌رفته كاهش گردش شغلي بهبود ارتباطات

so as to limit fatigue, discomfort, and injuries The function of specialists in ergonomics is to redesign or improve the workplace, workstations, tools, equipment, procedures of workers and work organization so as to limit fatigue, discomfort, and injuries

Payback period for ergonomic interventions 1 Year

Job redesign outcome 1- Reducing risk factors for common Musculoskeletal Disorders 2- Reduction in Acute Injuries

Statistics suggest that more than 30% of all occupational injuries are musculoskeletal injuries

b

These painful and often disabling injuries generally develop gradually over weeks, months, and years.

MSDs can cause a number of conditions, including pain, numbness, tingling, stiff joints, difficulty moving, muscle loss, and sometimes paralysis. Frequently, workers must lose time from work to recover; some never regain full health.

MSDs usually result from exposure to multiple risk factors that can cause or exacerbate the disorders, not from a single event or trauma such as a fall, collision, or entanglement

What causes work-related MSDs? Work-related MSDs occur when the physical capabilities of the worker do not match the physical requirements of the job. Prolonged exposure to ergonomic risk factors can cause damage a worker’s body and lead to MSDs.

Ergonomic Risk Factors 11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM Ergonomic Risk Factors ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Sustained awkward postures Static/Sustained Posture The physical stressors or risk factors that are associated with Work related Musculoskeletal Disorders are: Sustained awkward postures Static/Sustained Posture Sustained or high forces Rapid, repeated motions Contact stress Vibration Cold environment

Awkward Posture Deviations from neutral positions. 11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM Awkward Posture Deviations from neutral positions. The greater the degree of deviation, the higher the risk. ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Natural Posture(Standard posture) امتداد خط مستقيم فرضي از گوش تا مچ پا كمترين فشار بيومكانيكي و تنش به بافت‌هاي دستگاه اسكلتي ـ عضلاني ميانه دامنه حركتي ايمن‌ترين وضعيت بدني حداكثر راندمان كاري

THE HEAD AND NECK NEUTRAL FLEXION EXTENSION

THE TORSO AND BACK FLEXED TORSO NEUTRAL EXTENDED TORSO AND BACK

THE ELBOW AND SHOULDER NEUTRAL ELBOW FLEXION ELBOW EXTENSION 90-110’ <90’ >110’

THE HAND AND WRIST NEUTRAL EXTENSION FLEXION ULNAR DEVIATION RADIAL

Static/Sustained Posture 11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM Static/Sustained Posture When a worker must maintain an unsupported position for an extended period of time. ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

The constricted blood flow reduces the supply of nutrients to the muscles and the removal of acids and other waste products away from the tissues. Reduced blood flow also slows down delivery of oxygen to the muscles

11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM End Range Posture Refers to moving a joint as far as it will go or close to its maximum. Stress is on the muscles, tendons and ligaments as they are stretched to end range. ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Improvements

11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Forceful Exertions 11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM Forceful Exertions The amount of work the joints, muscles, and tendons must do to perform the task. The higher the force, the more risk of fatigue, loss of strength, and injury to muscles, tendons and joints. ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

میزان وزن بار همیشه باید کمتر از 23 کیلوگرم باشد میزان وزن بار همیشه باید کمتر از 23 کیلوگرم باشد

بهترین شرائط بلند کردن بار باید بتوان بار را در نزدیکی بدن نگاه داشت ارتفاع اولیه بار از زمین ، قبل از بلند کردن ، باید حدود 75 سانتیمتر باشد تغییر مکان بار به صورت عمودی نباید از 25 سانتیمتر بیشتر باشد امکان برداشتن بار با هر دو دست باید میسر باشد بار باید دارای جای دست یا دسته باشد بدن هنگام بلند کردن بار باید آزاد باشد در هنگام بلند کردن بار نباید بدن را چرخاند در هر 5 دقیقه نباید بیش از یک مرتبه نسبت به بلند کردن بار اقدام کرد عمل بلند کردن بار نباید بیشتر از یک ساعت طول بکشد و پس از آن حتما باید وقفه ای جهت استراحت یا انجام کارهای سبکتر در نظر گرفته شود

افرادی که بیش از 150 بار عمل بلند کردن بار را در روز انجام میدهند در خطر بالائی از بروز کمر درد قرار دارند بلند کردن بار همراه با خم کردن تنه و چرخاندن تنه شایعترین علت بروز کمر درد میباشد در صورتی که عمل بلند کردن بار خصوصیات زیر را داشته باشد ، صدمات اسکلتی عضلانی و شدت صدمه افزایش می یابد : سنگین بودن بار ، حجیم بودن بار ، روی زمین قرار داشتن بار ، مکرر بودن عمل بلند کردن بار

11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM Repetition Refers to a task or series of motions performed over and over again with very little variation. ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Repetitive motion disorders (RMDs) a family of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work or daily activities

The disorders are characterized by pain, tingling, numbness, visible swelling or redness of the affected area, and the loss of flexibility and strength Over time, RMDs can cause temporary or permanent damage to the soft tissues in the body such as the muscles, nerves, tendons, and ligaments - and compression of nerves or tissue.

Tendinitis Bursitis

11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM Contact Stress An outside force coming in contact with the soft or unprotected part of the employee’s body. The amount of damage is dependent on the sensitivity of the exposed body part. ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM Vibration ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Vibration Damage to blood vessels Increased muscle fatigue 11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM Vibration Damage to blood vessels Increased muscle fatigue Damage to spine Vision problems Headaches Insomnia ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Vibration Reduce the vibration/modify speed Equipment maintenance Vehicle suspension systems Reduced exposure Rest breaks Adequate padding/absorption system Education ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM Environmental ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Environmental Factors 11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM Environmental Factors Temperature Noise Lighting Air Quality ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

Hazard Prevention and Control 11/13/2018 5:00:21 PM Hazard Prevention and Control Design of the Work Station Design of the Work Task Design of the Tools/Equipment ZIP:\PowerPoint 7.0\Ergonomics Overview

WORKSTATION DESIGN PRINCIPLES Reduce Sustained Awkward Postures Reduce Contact Stress Design Work Based on Anthropometric Data Logically Locate Controls and Displays Proper Design of Chairs Avoid Static Body Positions: Task Variation and Exercises Proper Placement of Monitor & Documents

Design Work Based on Anthropometric Data

Logically Locate Controls and Displays

Proper Design of Chairs

Proper Placement of Monitor & Documents

Wrong Correct

روش‌هاي ارزيابي اختلالات اسكلتي-عضلاني

اختلالات اسكلتي‌- ماهيچه‌اي مرتبط با كار عمده‌ترين عامل از دست رفتن زمان كار، افزايش هزينه‌ها و آسيب‌هاي انساني نيروي كار هـدف بـرنـامـه‌هاي ارگونومي در محيط كار از نظر OSHA: كنتـرل اختلالات اسكلتي‌- عضلاني

روند شكل‌گيري WMSDs Fatigue Discomfort Pain Performance Injury Time

عوامل مؤثر و ريسك فاكتورها ي اختلالات اسكلتي‌- ماهيچه‌اي عوامل مؤثر و ريسك فاكتورها ي اختلالات اسكلتي‌- ماهيچه‌اي عوامل ژنتيكي عوامل ريخت‌شناسي (مورفولوژيك) عوامل رواني‌- اجتماعي عوامل بيومكانيكي عواملی را که می توان در محیط کار تغییر داد

روش‌هاي ارزيابي اختلالات اسكلتي-ماهيچه‌اي شيوه‌هايی گوناگون براي ارزيابي مواجهه شغلي با ريسك فاكتورهاي اختلالات اسكلتي- ماهيچه‌اي وجود دارد. به كمك اين روش‌ها مي‌توان مشاغلي را كه خطر ابتلا به اين‌گونه اختلالات در آنها بالاست شناسايي نمود : شيوه‌هاي مشاهده‌اي شيوه‌هاي دستگاهي يا مستقيم شيوه‌هاي خودگزارشي

شيوه‌هاي دستگاهي يا مستقيم

شيوه‌هاي خودگزارشي

شيوه‌هاي مشاهده‌اي قلم-كاغذي براي ارزيابي تنش فيزيكي در كار روش ‌هاي مشاهده‌اي نظير OWAS، RULA،REBA و QEC همه بر پايه‌ ارزيابي پوسچر فرد هنگام كار استوارند و توصيه‌هايي جهت بهبود آن ارايه مي‌كنند. کاربرد خصوصيات پديدآورندگان تکنيکها روش آناليز تمام بدن پوسچر بدن را به صورت عددي(كد) دسته بندی می کند. Karhu et al. 1977 OWAS روش آناليز برای اندام فوقانی علاوه بر پوسچر ، نيرو و فعاليت عضله در نظر گرفته می شود . McAtamney and Corlett 1993 RULA ارزيابی خطر برای تمام بدن و کارهای ايستاده نمره گذاری پوسچر های بدن و تخمين بار وارد شده Hignett 1995 REBA روش آناليز برای تمام قسمتهای بدن و وظايف استاتيک و ديناميک پوسچر های بدن، تکرار حرکات، نيرو و مدت انجام وظيفه Li and Buckle 1998 QEC