Figure: 10-01 Title: Information Flow in Genetics Caption: Simplified view of information flow involving DNA, RNA, and proteins within cells.

Figure: 10-02a Title: Griffith’s Transformation Experiment Caption: Griffith’s transformation experiment. The photographs show bacterial colonies containing cells with capsules (type IIIS) and without capsules (type IIR).

Figure: 10-02b Title: Griffith’s Transformation Experiment Caption: Griffith’s transformation experiment. The photographs show bacterial colonies containing cells with capsules (type IIIS) and without capsules (type IIR).

Figure: 10-03a Title: Summary of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s Experiment Caption: Summary of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s experiment, which demonstrated that DNA is the transforming principle.

Figure: 10-03b Title: Summary of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s Experiment Caption: Summary of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s experiment, which demonstrated that DNA is the transforming principle.

Figure: 10-04b Title: Life Cycle of a T-even Bacteriophage Caption: Life cycle of a T-even bacteriophage. The electron micrograph shows an E. coli cell during infection by numerous phages.

Figure: 10-04c Title: Life Cycle of a T-even Bacteriophage Caption: Life cycle of a T-even bacteriophage. The electron micrograph shows an E. coli cell during infection by numerous phages.

Figure: 10-05a Title: Summary of the Hershey-Chase Experiment Caption: Summary of the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrating that DNA, and not protein, is responsible for directing the reproduction of phage T2 during the infection of E. coli .

Figure: 10-05b Title: Summary of the Hershey-Chase Experiment Caption: Summary of the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrating that DNA, and not protein, is responsible for directing the reproduction of phage T2 during the infection of E. coli .

Figure: 10-06 Title: Comparison of the Action Spectrum Caption: Comparison of the action spectrum, which determines the most effective mutagenic UV wavelength, and the absorption spectrum, which shows the wavelength where nucleic acids and proteins absorb UV light.

Figure: 10-07a Title: Chemical Structures of the Pyrimidines and Purines Caption: Chemical structures of the pyrimidines and purines that serve as the nitrogenous bases in RNA and DNA.

Figure: 10-07b Title: Chemical Ring Structures of Ribose and 2-deoxyribose Caption: Chemical ring structures of ribose and 2-deoxyribose, which serve as the pentose sugars in RNA and DNA, respectively.

Figure: 10-08 Title: Nucleosides and Nucleotides Caption: Structures and names of the nucleosides and nucleotides of RNA and DNA.

Figure: 10-09 Title: Nucleoside Diphosphates and Triphosphates Caption: Basic structures of nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates, as illustrated by thymidine diphosphate and deoxyadenosine triphosphate.

Figure: 10-10 Title: Phosphodiester Bonds Caption: (a) Linkage of two nucleotides by the formation of a C-3’-C-5’ (3’-5’) phosphodiester bond, producing a dinucleotide. (b) Shorthand notation for a polynucleotide chain.

Figure: 10-11 Title: X-ray Diffraction of DNA Caption: X-ray diffraction photograph of purified DNA fibers. The strong arcs on the periphery show closely spaced aspects of the molecule, providing an estimate of the periodicity of nitrogenous bases, which are 3.4 Angstroms apart. The inner cross pattern of spots shows the grosser aspect of the molecule, indicating its helical nature.

Figure: 10-12 Title: The DNA Double Helix Caption: (a) The DNA double helix as proposed by Watson and Crick. The ribbonlike strands constitute the sugar-phosphate backbones, and the horizontal rungs constitute the nitrogenous base pairs, of which there are 10 per complete turn. The major and minor grooves are apparent. The solid vertical bar represents the central axis. (b) A detailed view depicting the bases, sugars, phosphates, and hydrogen bonds of the helix. (c) A demonstration of the antiparallel nature of the helix and the horizontal stacking of the bases.

Figure: 10-13b Title: B-DNA and A-DNA Caption: An artist’s depiction illustrating the orientation of the base pairs of B-DNA and A-DNA. (Note that in B-DNA the base pairs are perpendicular to the helix, while they are tilted and pulled away from the helix in A-DNA.)

Figure: 10-14 Title: UV Absorption versus Temperature Caption: Increase in UV absorbance and temperature (the hyperchromic effect) for two DNA molecules with different triple-bond GC contents. The molecule with a melting point (Tm) of 83 degree Celcius has a greater triple-bond GC content than the molecule with a Tm equal to 77 degree Celcius.

Figure: 10-15 Title: In situ Hybridization of Human Metaphase Chromosomes Caption: In situ hybridization of human metaphase chromosomes, using a fluorescent technique (FISH). The probe, specific to centromeric DNA, produces a yellow fluorescence signal indicating hybridization. The red fluorescence is produced by propidium iodide counterstaining of chromosomal DNA.

Figure: 10-16 Title: The Ideal Time Course for Reassociation of DNA Caption: The ideal time course for reassociation of DNA (C/C0) when, at time zero, all DNA consists of unique fragments of single-stranded complements. Note that the abscissa (C0t) is plotted logarithmically.

Figure: 10-17 Title: The Reassociation Rates of DNA Caption: The reassociation rates (C/C0) of DNA derived from phage MS2, phage T4, and E. coli. The genome of T4 is larger than MS2, and that of E. coli is larger than T4.

Figure: 10-18 Title: The Curve of Calf Thymus DNA Compared with E. coli Caption: The COt curve of calf thymus DNA compared with E. coli. The repetitive fraction of calf DNA reassociates more quickly than that of E. coli, while the more complex unique calf DNA takes longer to reassociate than that of E. coli.

Figure: 10-19 Title: Electrophoretic Separation of a Mixture of DNA Fragments Caption: Electrophoretic separation of a mixture of DNA fragments that vary in length. The photograph shows an agarose gel with DNA bands corresponding to the diagram.

Figure: 10-UN01 Title: Problems and Discussion Caption: Question 24: Compare the curves below, representing reassociation kinetics. What can be said about the DNA represented by each set of data compared with E. coli?

Figure: 10-UN02 Title: Problem and Discussion Caption: Question 27: A genetics student was asked to draw the chemical structure of an adenine- and thymine-containing dinucleotide derived from DNA. His answer is shown below. The student made more than six major errors. One of them is circled, numbered 1, and explained. Find five others. Circle them, number them 2–6, and briefly explain each by following the example given.

Figure: 10-UN03 Title: Problems and Discussion Caption: Question 30: With the information given in this chapter on B- and Z-DNA and the nature of helices, carefully analyze the structures shown here, and draw conclusions about the helical nature of areas (a) and (b). Which is right-handed and which is left-handed?

Figure: 10-T01 Title: Table 10-1 Caption: Strains of Diplococcus pneumoniae Used by Frederick Griffith in His Original Transformation Experiment

Figure: 10-T02 Title: Table 10-2 Caption: DNA Content of Haploid Versus Diploid Cells of Various Species (in picograms)

Figure: 10-T03a Title: Table 10-3a Caption: DNA Base Composition Data: Chargaff’s Data

Figure: 10-T03b Title: Table 10-3b Caption: DNA Base Composition Data: Base Compositions of DNAs from Various Sources