SS7H1d Explain the impact of the Pan-African movement. Concepts: Conflict Creates Change Continuity and Change

The Pan-African movement and Apartheid in South Africa

Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism is an idea and a movement that encourages the solidarity of Africans worldwide. It is based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress and aims to "unify and uplift" people of African descent.

Pan-Africanism At its core Pan-Africanism is "a belief that African peoples, both on the continent and in the Diaspora, share not merely a common history, but a common destiny

Think Critically This sign and many others like it were common in public places in South Africa before the ending of apartheid. What do YOU find wrong about the message on this sign?

Think Critically What message is the artist communicating in this political cartoon? What kind of barrier did the wall of apartheid represent? What role did Nelson Mandela play in this cartoon?

Concepts: Conflict Creates Change Continuity and Change SS7H1c Explain the creation and end of apartheid in South Africa and the roles of Nelson Mandela and F.W.deKlerk. Concepts: Conflict Creates Change Continuity and Change

How did the new government enforce this new policy? The implementation of the policy of apartheid, later referred to as "separate development," was made possible by the Population Registration Act of 1950, which put all South Africans into three racial categories: Black, White, or Coloured (of mixed race). A fourth category, Asian (Indians and Pakistanis), was added later.

Apartheid-what was it? Blacks and whites did not interact with one another unless it was servant to employer. The best jobs and best education went to the white South Africans. Persons of color (both black and colored) were not allowed to hold office. In 1951, the Bantu Authorities Act assigned blacks to a homeland according to their record of origin.

5. In order for a black to leave their homeland a pass book was required - like a passport. (citizens of these townships could not enter their own country without a pass book) 6. If caught without passbooks, they could go to jail. 7. Life was very hard for the non-whites in South Africa. 8. Apartheid lasted from the 1920’s until 1990. 9. Nelson Mandela lead peaceful protests against the South African government.

A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982.

A Black South African shows his passbook issued by the Government A Black South African shows his passbook issued by the Government. Blacks were required to carry passes that determined where they could live and work.

Houses in Soweto, a black township in the “homelands.”

A girl looking through a window of her shack in Cross Roads, 1978.

Segregated public facilities in Johannesburg, 1985.

Young, black South Africans looking in on a game of soccer at an all-white school in Johannesburg. Government spending, about 10 times more for white children than for black, clearly showed the inequality designed to give whites more economic and political power. Poorly trained teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and inadequate recreational facilities were normal for black children, if in fact they had any schooling available at all.

Young coal miners in South Africa in 1988.

A number of black political groups, often supported by sympathetic whites, opposed apartheid using a variety of tactics, including violence, strikes, demonstrations, and sabotage - strategies that often met with severe consequences from the government.

NELSON MANDELA Mandela originally believed in peaceful protest. He started to doubt that this approach would work and started up an armed branch of the ANC. He was classified as a terrorist by the S.A. gov’t and sent to prison for inciting rebellion. He was in jail for 27 years before being released in 1990 by President F. W. DeKlerk. In 1994, Mandela was elected as the first black president of South Africa. Although apartheid ended, South Africa is still struggling to improve their economy for all groups.

Grave of the young Black leader, Steve Biko, in King Williams Town, South Africa. Biko died while in prison in 1977. During the investigation into his death, strong evidence was presented that Biko suffered violent and inhumane treatment during his imprisonment.

Nelson Mandela

The numbers don’t lie . . . Blacks Whites Population Land allocation Share of national income Minimum taxable income Doctors/population Infant mortality rate Annual expenditure on education per student Teacher/student ratio 19 million 4.5 million 13% 87% <20% 75% 360 rands 750 rands 1/44,000 1/400 20%-40% 2.7% $45 $696 1/60 1/22

Concept: Conflict Creates Change Continuity and Change SS7H1c ESSENTIAL QUESTION What role did Nelson Mandela and F. W. deKlerk play in the end of apartheid? Concept: Conflict Creates Change Continuity and Change

What role did these men play in ending apartheid in South Africa? MANDELA Led African National congress (ANC) Jailed for 27 years Chosen as president in the first elections open to all races DEKLERK S. African president in 1990 who agreed to let ANC operate as a legal party Released Mandela from prison Began to repeal apartheid laws Led to 1st presidential elections open to all races in S. Africa NELSON MANDELA F.W. de KLERK

Apartheid: The Beginning and the End