Genetics I. Introduction A. History 1. C. Darwin & A. Wallace  Blending 2. G. Mendel & F. Unger  Mixing 3. W. Sutton  Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance 4. T. Morgan  Genes & Chromosomes plus linkage groups 5. A. Sturtevant  Genetic Mapping 6. F. Griffith  Hereditary molecule 7. A. Jeffreys  DNA finger printing 8. 2003  human DNA sequenced

II. Mendelian Genetics A. Experimental Design 1. Monohybrid Cross (One trait at a time) a. Definition b. Terms i. Self vs. Cross Fertilization ii. Traits vs. Characteristics Figure 8.2D

c. Process (The steps of Mendel) Figure 8.2C Figure 8.3A

d. Principle  “Law of Segregation” (putting traits into gametes) Figure 8.4 Figure 8.3B d. Principle  “Law of Segregation” (putting traits into gametes)

e. Terms i. Gene versus Allele ii. Homozygous versus Heterozygous iii. Dominant versus Recessive iv. Genotype versus Phenotype

f. Testcross (Mendel checking his work.) Figure 8.6

2. Dihybrid Cross (Following two traits at a time) a. Definition i. Start by figuring out the parents genotypes b. Process ii. Then how many and type of gametes Figure 8.5A

c. Principle  “Law of Independent Assortment” Practice Dihybrid Heterozygous cross = Dihybrid Heterozygous cross Homozygous Dominant = c. Principle  “Law of Independent Assortment”

III. Variation on Mendel A. Dominance 1. Complete (one trait shows) 2. Co-dominance (both traits show equally in different groups of cells) AA aa Aa

3. Incomplete Dominance (Blending of two traits into a new expression) Figure 8.11A

B. Gene Interactions 1. Multiple Alleles (Expression needs more than one) 2. Pleitrophy (Expression causes multiple effects in the phenotype) Figure 8.13B Figure 8.12 3. Penetrance (How fully does the gene show in the phenotype?)

C. Beyond Mendel 1. Epistasis (One gene interferes with another) 2. Polygenic (across a population expression) Figure 8.14

IV. Classical Genetics A. History 1. R. Punnet & W. Bateson  1908 (A math model of odds of expression) Figure 8.7

2. T. Morgan  Genes & Chromosomes, Karyotyping, plus linkage groups a. Drosophila melanogaster WHY? Figure 8.18C

b. Genetic Recombination Figure 8.18C

c. Genetic Linkage Figure 8.18C Figure 8.18A

3. A. Sturtevant a. Genetic Mapping Based on frequency of expression of traits showing together Figure 8.19A Figure 8.19B

B. Sex Linkage 1. Sex Linked Inheritance Figure 8.20A Figure 8.20 B - E Figure 8.21B  D

2. Barr Bodies (one X chromosome is silenced in the phenotype)) Figure 11.2B

V. Detection of Problems A. Techniques 1. Karyotyping When? 2. Amniocentesis  Cellular and Chemical Analysis Figure 8.10A

3. Ultrasound Figure 9.10B

4. Chorionic Villi Sampling  Cellular and Chemical Analysis Figure 8.10A

5. Fetal Tissue Sampling

6. Pedigree Analysis Figure 8.8A & B