Abnormal Psychology Chapter 1 The History of Abnormal Psychology Robin S. Rosenberg and Stephen M. Kosslyn Abnormal Psychology Second Edition Chapter 1 The History of Abnormal Psychology Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

The severity of a person’s distress, impairment in daily life, and/or risk of harm determine whether he or she is said to have a psychological disorder. All three elements don’t need to be present at a significant level: When one or two elements are present to a significant degree, this may indicate a psychological disorder, provided that the person’s behavior and experience are not normal for the context and culture in which they arise. Figure 1.1 Determining a Psychological Disorder: Three Criteria Robin S. Rosenberg and Stephen M. Kosslyn: Abnormal Psychology, Second Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 1. 1 Psychological Disorders: Facts at a Glance Robin S Table 1.1 Psychological Disorders: Facts at a Glance Robin S. Rosenberg and Stephen M. Kosslyn: Abnormal Psychology, Second Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Freud proposed that the mind is made up of three structures: id, ego, and superego. Each person is aware (conscious) of some of what is in his or her ego and superego; some of the preconscious contents of the ego and the superego can be brought into awareness, and some of those contents—along with all of the id—remain unconscious. Figure 1.2 Freud’s Iceberg Metaphor of the Organization of the Mind Robin S. Rosenberg and Stephen M. Kosslyn: Abnormal Psychology, Second Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 1. 2 Common Defense Mechanisms Robin S. Rosenberg and Stephen M Table 1.2 Common Defense Mechanisms Robin S. Rosenberg and Stephen M. Kosslyn: Abnormal Psychology, Second Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

According to the diathesis–stress model of depression, people who are more vulnerable to depression (high diathesis) will become depressed after experiencing less stress than people who are less vulnerable to depression (low or absent diathesis). Put another way, given the same level of stress, those who are more vulnerable to depression will develop more symptoms of depression than those who are less vulnerable. Figure 1.3 The Diathesis–Stress Model Robin S. Rosenberg and Stephen M. Kosslyn: Abnormal Psychology, Second Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

According to the neuropsychosocial approach, neurological, psychological, and social factors interact with one another via feedback loops to contribute to the development of psychopathology. Figure 1.4 The Neuropsychosocial Approach Robin S. Rosenberg and Stephen M. Kosslyn: Abnormal Psychology, Second Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers