Blood Bright Scarlet to dull brick red depending upon how much oxygen there is. Average person has 5.5 Liters (6 quarts) 2 Parts = nonliving and living

Nonliving Plasma transports substances & distributes heat Fluid matrix -90% Water Nutrients -dissolved gases Hormones -wastes Proteins -salts pH 7.35 – 7.45

Living Erythrocytes (red blood cell) Leukocytes (white blood cell) Thrombocytes (platelets)

Erythrocytes Biconcave disc transports oxygen-bound to hemoglobin Anucleated – 100-120 day lifespan; rbc outnumber wbc 1000 to 1

Red Blood Cell – Biconcave Disk

Anemia Is a decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of the blood Normal: Number – 4.5-5.5 million cells/mm Hematocrit (% of rbc in blood) – packed cell volume 42-47% Hemoglobin – 12-18g/100ml

Hematocrit

2 ways to be anemic 1) Decrease in the amount of functioning rbc Examples: Hemorrhagic anemia Hemolytic anemia (rupture of erythrocytes) Aplastic anemia (destruction of red marrow)

2) Decrease in the amount of hemoglobin the rbc contain Examples: Iron deficiency anemia Sickle cell anemia Pernicious anemia (deficiency in B12)

Sickle Cell Anemia

Blood Types Different blood groups are classified on the basis of specific proteins called antigens that are on the surface of rbc

Types: A antigen = A blood type B antigen = B blood type A and B antigen = AB blood type O blood type= absence of A antigen and B antigen

If a person is given incompatible blood, plasma antibodies will attack the foreign antigens leading to a transfusion reaction

Transfusions O is the universal donor since there are no antigens on the cells A, B, and AB can only receive their exact type, but can receive O O can only receive O. The antigens on A, B, and AB would cause a reaction

Rhesus Blood Typing Rhesus blood typing = Rh Rh+ means you have the antigen Rh– means you don’t have the antigen

Rh- and Rh+ Interactions If an Rh- person receives Rh+ blood, 1st time they will become sensitized to it and begin producing antibodies. 2nd time, an immune reaction occurs and antibodies will attack the Rh+ blood

Erythroblastosis fetalis There are problems in pregnancy if an Rh– mom has her 2nd Rh+ baby The baby will suffer erythroblastosis fetalis-cause anemia and hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Can cause brain damage and death RhoGAM-an injection given to a pregnant mom after her first pregnancy if the baby is Rh+ to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis in the next baby

Leukocytes White blood cell (wbc), nucleated Mobilize to fight foreign bodies, migrate to the site of inflammation Attracted by chemical signals from the injured cells

Types: Granulocytes Agranulocytes

Granulocytes Granules, lobed nuclei (3 types listed below)

Neutrophils – fine granules, 3-7 lobes, deep purple, increase during infections (55-65%) Eosinophils – large granules, bi-lobed, increase during allergy attacks (1-3%) Basophils - few large purple granules, u or s shaped nuclei stains blue, granules contain histamine (a vasodilator), and heparin (an anticoagulant) (0.5%)

Agranulocytes No granules, oval nuclei Are wbc

Lymphocytes Large, dark purple Spherical nucleus, immune cells B type produce antibodies (memory cells) T type activate B, reject grafts Fight tumors and virus (20-35%)

Monocytes Gray cytoplasm Dark blue kidney shaped nuclei Active phagocytes (eat foreign bodies) Long term clean up Found in chronic conditions (3-8%)

Leukemia There are different types Acute leukemia is the more serious type that usually affects children Chronic leukemia is seen more often in elderly patients

What Happens in Leukemia? In all leukemias, the red bone marrow is occupied by cancerous leukocytes, and immature wbc flood the bloodstream. Anemia and severe bleeding are a result. Symptoms-fever, weight loss, bleeding problems, anemia and bone pain 

Thrombocytes (platelets) Cell fragments Small, irregular Function in blood clotting 250,000-400,000/mm

Hemophilia Hemophilia refers to bleeding disorders that are inherited on the X chromosome. In hemophilia, there is a lack of clotting factors. People who have hemophilia have to avoid trauma. Hemophilia causes patients to bleed internally. It is a very painful disease, but has treatment.

Clots Thrombus= clot attached Embolus= clot free floating Some embolus clots can travel to the lungs or brain, and can be lethal depending on size and location

Blood Transfusions Used when blood loss is rapid (can be due to genetic disorders or trauma) In other cases, infusions of packed rbc help to restore oxygen carrying capacity Blood banks take the donated blood and mix it with anticoagulants.