HW: IP: Genes x Environment Monday April 10, 2017 I can: explain how genes interact with environment to produce traits Agenda (5) Catalyst (15) Review Pedigrees (15) GN: Genes x Environment (30) Stations: Genes or Environment? (15) IP: Genes x Environment (5) Exit Ticket Catalyst What does it mean if somebody is a “carrier” for a trait? Does a carrier show the trait? Can their offspring show that trait? What are the 4 major biomolecules (remember – Unit 2!) HW: IP: Genes x Environment

Turned in STEM Survey DUE WEDNESDAY the 12TH Turned in STEM Survey DUE WEDNESDAY the 12TH! (100% = party Thursday, 13th!)

Some of the most obvious human traits are almost impossible to associate with single genes.

Some of the most obvious human traits are almost impossible to associate with single genes.

Some of the most obvious human traits are almost impossible to associate with single genes.

controlled by many genes Most traits aren’t simply controlled by one gene, and they don’t only have two versions… Some genes are polygenic “many” “having to do with genes” controlled by many genes

Examples: height skin color weight

Which traits are controlled in part by the environment? Some traits are only partly determined by genes. The environment plays a role in the development of some traits. The environment is anything in the organism’s surroundings. Examples: Diet, exercise, sun exposure, tobacco use, drug use, etc. BRAINSTORM Which traits are controlled in part by the environment?

How do environmental factors affect phenylketonuria? Case Study: Phenylketonuria genetic risk: caused by a rare mutation on chromosome 12 result: inability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine; builds up in blood environmental influence: limiting phenylalanine prevents harmful effects Turn and Talk: How do environmental factors affect phenylketonuria?

When PKU is not treated, severe retardation can occur When PKU is not treated, severe retardation can occur. How can we prevent this?

How do environmental factors affect skin cancer? Case Study: Skin Cancer caused by the uncontrolled division of skin cells genetic risk: some genes increase the risk of cancer environmental risk: exposure to UV rays (from sun tanning) can cause DNA to mutate Turn and Talk: How do environmental factors affect skin cancer?

How do environmental factors affect lung cancer? Case Study: Lung Cancer caused by the uncontrolled division of lung cells genetic risk: some genes increase the risk of cancer environmental risk: exposure to carcinogens, or cancer-causing substances, in cigarette tar can cause DNA to mutate Turn and Talk: How do environmental factors affect lung cancer?

How do environmental factors affect lung cancer? Case Study: Diabetes occurs when your body doesn’t respond to insulin, which regulates blood sugar genetic risk: diabetes risk is polygenic environmental risk: risk is increased by eating a lot of sugar and lack of exercise (obesity) Turn and Talk: How do environmental factors affect lung cancer?

Case Study: Hydrangea Color environmental factors: the color of hydrangea flowers changes depending on the acidity of the soil Hydrangea flowers are blue when the soil is acidic. Hydrangea flowers are pink in neutral or basic soil.

What are mutations caused by? Mutations are changes in DNA.

Mutations can be caused one of two ways: 1. During replication, DNA polymerase makes an error and fails to correct it.

Mutations can be caused one of two ways: 2. Exposure to certain chemicals or radiation can cause DNA to break or change. Carcinogens are substances that can cause cancer. Mutagens are things that cause DNA to change. UV radiation and X-rays are common examples.

If a man loses his arm in an accident… …will his son also only have one arm?

Mutations are only passed on if they occur in gametes.