Prof. Mohammad Abduljabbar

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Presentation transcript:

Prof. Mohammad Abduljabbar Con Samaan                                         MENINGITIS Prof. Mohammad Abduljabbar Con Samaan

Con Samaan Definition Meningitis is defined as an infection of the tow layers of meninges ( Pia And Arachnoid ) including the fluid in between namely cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Con Samaan

Con Samaan 1-Bacterial 2-Viral 3-Fungal CAUSES 1-Bacterial 2-Viral 3-Fungal Con Samaan

N. meningitides G-ve diplococci E.Coli G-ve bacilli Streptococci-GBS Con Samaan N. meningitides G-ve diplococci E.Coli G-ve bacilli                                                                                                                Streptococci-GBS G+ve cocci Strep. pneumoniae G+ve diplococci Con Samaan

Bacterial Meningitis Organisms Con Samaan Bacterial Meningitis Organisms - Birth - 4 weeks: GBS, E.coli - 4 - 12 weeks : GBS, E.coli, Pneumococcus, Salmonella, Listeria and H. Influenza - 3 - 36 months: Pneumococcus, Meningococcus and H. Influenza - 3 years - adult: Pneumococcus, Meningococcus Con Samaan

Pathogenesis Infection of upper respiratory tract Con Samaan Pathogenesis Infection of upper respiratory tract Invasion of blood stream (bacteraemia) Seeding & inflammation of meninges Con Samaan

Clinical Presentation Triad of Meningitis Con Samaan Clinical Presentation Triad of Meningitis Headache Fever Neck pain Con Samaan

Clinical features New born & Infants: Non-specific symptoms including: Con Samaan Clinical features New born & Infants: Non-specific symptoms including: - Fever - Irritability - Lethargy - Poor feeding - High pitched cry and bulging AF - Convulsions and opisthotonus Con Samaan

Con Samaan older children Con Samaan

Kernig’s sign

Brudzinski’s sign

Acute Meningococcaemia Con Samaan Acute Meningococcaemia Neisseria meningitidis: serotype Group B Endotoxin causes vascular damage vasodilatation, third spacing, severe shock Severe complication: Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome: massive haemorrhage of adrenal glands secondary to sepsis: adrenal crisis-low B.P, shock, DIC, purpura, adreno-cortical insufficiency Con Samaan

Con Samaan Purpura fulminans Con Samaan

Con Samaan Clinical features Con Samaan

Con Samaan Clinical features                                                            Con Samaan

Con Samaan Clinical features Con Samaan

DIAGNOSIS 1- History 2- physical examination Con Samaan DIAGNOSIS 1- History 2- physical examination 3- Investigations: including CBC Renal profile CRP Coagulation Blood gas Glucose Blood C/S Skin scrapings PCR CXR Skin test Con Samaan

Con Samaan Diagnosis LP Con Samaan

CSF FINDINGS Bacterial Viral TB Cells 10-100,000 <2,000 250-500 Polys lymph Glucose Low Normal Very Low Protein N or High G-Stain +ve -ve +ve Zn

Management Medical emergency Early diagnosis essential Con Samaan Management Medical emergency  Early diagnosis essential - Immediate optimum treatment - Intensive supportive therapy Rehabilitation Prophylaxis to family Notification to GP & Public Health Con Samaan

Bacterial Meningitis ABC ICU admission Fluid management: Con Samaan Bacterial Meningitis ABC ICU admission Fluid management: Aggressive resuscitation Dexamethasone: Only in Pneumococcal and H I bacteria, given in children Inotropes: Increasing aortic diastolic pressure to improve myocardial contractility Con Samaan

Antibiotics Less than 2 months of age: Con Samaan Antibiotics Less than 2 months of age: • Ampicillin + Cefotaxime+/- Gentamicin • Treat for 3 weeks (neonate) Over 2 months: • Cefotaxime • Treat for 7-10 days Con Samaan

Prophylaxis Rifampicin: • Children: 5mg/kg bid x 2/7 Con Samaan Prophylaxis Rifampicin: • Children: 5mg/kg bid x 2/7 • Adults: 600 mg bid x 2/7 Cefuroxime: •IM x 1 dose in •Pregnant contact Con Samaan

Complications Septic shock - DIC Cerebral oedema Seizures Con Samaan Complications Septic shock - DIC Cerebral oedema Seizures Arteritis/venous thrombosis Subdural effusions Hydrocephalus . Abscess . Brain damage Deafness Con Samaan

Meningococcemia poor prognosis Index Con Samaan Meningococcemia poor prognosis Index • Onset of Petechial within 12 hrs • Absence of meningitis signs • Shock (BP 70 or less) • Normal or low WBC • Normal or low ESR Con Samaan

Con Samaan Subdural Effusion Failure of temperature to show progressive reduction after 72 hours Persistent positive spinal cultures after 72 hours Occurrence of focal/ persistent convulsions Persistence/recurrence of vomiting Development of focal neurological signs Clinical deterioration after 72 hours especially ICP Con Samaan

Partially treated meningitis Con Samaan Partially treated meningitis 50% cases prior antibiotic ( alters the findings in bacterial meningitis ) Accurate history is vital CSF mainly lymphocytic (usual polys) Can have normal glucose Positive cultures reduced by 30% Gram stain reduced by 20% Con Samaan

Viral meningitis Most common CNS infection in <1yr old Con Samaan Viral meningitis Most common CNS infection in <1yr old Causes: enterovirus (commonest, meningitis occurring in 50% of children <3mth ) herpes, influenza, rubella, echo, coxsackie, EBV, adenovirus Mononuclear lymphocytes in CSF Symptomatic treatment. Complications associated with encephalitis and ICP Con Samaan

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis The most commonly identified cause of acute, sporadic viral encephalitis:10 to 20% of all cases Subtype 1 virus causes more than 95% of cases of HSV encephalitis In children and young adults, primary HSV infection may result in encephalitis (virus enters the central nervous system (CNS) by neurotropic spread from the periphery via the olfactory bulb) HSV encephalitis מחלה בסביבות של 10-20% ממקרים מזוהים של אנצפליטיס (ב-30-60% מכל מקרי האנצפליטיס מצליחים להגיע לאתיולוגיה). [הוירוס מגיע למוח דרך מהלך רטרוגרדי לאורך עצבים מה-olfactory bulb.]

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Most adults with HSV encephalitis have clinical or serologic evidence of mucu-cutaneous HSV-1 infection before the onset of the CNS symptoms. HSV DNA has been demonstrated in brain tissue from healthy adults. ( = reactivation) In about 25% of the patients, the HSV-1 strains from the oropharynx and brain tissue of the same patient differ (some cases may result from reinfection with another strain of HSV-1 that reaches the CNS) תסמינים ברוב המבוגרים יש תסמינים עוריים וסרולוגיים של HSV לפני התחלת האנצפליטיס – ב-75% מהמקרים מדובר ברה-אקטיבציה של הוירוס. ב-25% מהמקרים מדובר בהדבקה חדשה.

מחקר מארה"ב (US-study) צבוע בסגול, בצהוב זהו מחקר משבדיה. משווים פה herpes simplex encephalitis לאנצפליטיס שלא מהרפס. סימנים כמו חום, שינוי מצב הכרה, שינויי אישיות והתנהגות, התכווצויות, חולשה בפלג גוף והפרעות בדיבור – לעתים יש הבדלים בין המחקרים השונים, אך בסה"כ הממצאים מאוד דומים בין חולים עם אנצפליטיס של herpes simplex לבין אחר, כך שלא ניתן להגיע לאתיולוגיה רק לפי הממצאים הקליניים, ולא ניתן להיות בטוחים לגבי הגורם.

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Diagnosis CSF WBC: 20-300 cells/mm3 (rarely < 5) Protein: mildly elevated, median 80 (normal<60) Glucose usually normal אבחנה בדיקת CSF שאינה מרשימה: יש תאים, אך לא אלפים (כמו במנינגיטיס חיידקי), אלא עשרות-מאות, החלבון יכול להיות מוגבר והסוכר תקין. תרביות שליליות. EEG – ייחודי באנצפליטיס. בהרפס יש אולי pattern מיוחד, אך בהשוואה לגורמים אחרים הספציפיות היא 30%, כך שאפשר לאשר אנצפליטיס, אך לא את הגורם האתיולוגי. EEG: spike and slow wave activity from the temporal lobe. Sensitivity 85%. Specificity 33%.

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Diagnosis CT: Edema in the temporal lobe hemorrhagic necrosis midline shift First 5 days: CT sensitivity 73%, specificity 89% >5 days: CT sensitivity 90%, specificity 92% CT – חשוב לאבחון אנצפליטיס: רואים בצקת, hemorrhagic necrosis (הסטה של רקמת המוח לצד הפגוע), בעיקר באונה הטמפוראלית, אך גם במקומות אחרים. יש לזכור שבעבודות ראו שכאשר ה-CT נעשה מעל 5 ימים לאחר תחילת המחלה, רגישותו גבוהה מאוד (90%). אם מישהו חולה מעל 5 ימים ועשינו לו CT שנראה תקין, זה מוריד מאוד את האבחנה של אנצפיליטיס (לא שולל).

HSE: MRI is more sensitive, especially for identifying edema HSE: MRI is more sensitive, especially for identifying edema. The neuroimaging technique of choice!!! רואים אזורי בצקת מוחית, כאשר בדיקת הבחירה היותר רגישה והפחות זמינה היא ה-MRI. צריך לבצע אותה בכל המקרים, אך היא פחות זמינה (לעתים רואים ממצאים כאשר הם לא נראים ב-CT).

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis confirmation of etiology Brain biopsy (complications 3%) Serologic analysis in serum and CSF: low sensitivity in the first 10 days. CSF Cultures: negative PCR in CSF: highly sensitive and specific. The diagnostic procedure of choice. האישור לאבחנה היא בעבר בביופסיית מוח. נכנסו עם מחט לאזור הבצקתי שרואים ב-CT. היום לא עושים את זה, כי יש אפשרות לאשר את האבחנה ב-PCR של ה-CSF – הבדיקה רגישה וספציפית והיא בדיקת הבחירה לאישור האבחנה, ולא תרביות!

Detection of intrathecal anti-HSV antibodies לפי הגרף רואים את תגובת הנוגדנים ב-CSF כפונק' של הזמן (גם בדם). בתחילת המחלה אין יצירה של נוגדנים, ככל שנכנסים מהשבוע הראשון לשני, ה-yield של הנוגנדים גבוה יותר, ובשבוע השני של המחלה ניתן להשתמש בבדיקה זו כבדיקת אבחנה.

PCR of HSV DNA from CSF samples PCR ל-HSV (עמודה לבנה היא שלילית) - בשבוע הראשון ה-yield של ה-PCR מאוד גבוה, אך בגלל שהחולים מקבלים טיפול אנטי-ויראלי, בשבוע שני ה-PCR הופך לשלילי, ולכן הבדיקה אינה כ"כ טובה.

HSE: acute, focal, necrotizing encephalitis with cerebral edema and petechial hemorrhages Necrotizing encephlitis.

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Treatment Early therapy is a critical factor in outcome!!! In suspected cases: start Acyclovir empirically IV Acyclovir (10 mg/kg x 3/day over 1 hour) is effective in reducing the rates of death (70% 24%) and morbidity טיפול חשוב לטפל מוקדם. תרופת הבחירה היא acyclovir, תמיד IV. היא מצליחה להוריד את התמותה מ-70% ללא טיפול ל-24%. זו עדיין מחלה קשה. מתחילים את הטיפול מיד עם תשובת ה-PCR, אך גם כטיפול אמפירי. אם הוא שלילי בימים הראשונים של המחלה – מותר להפסיק טיפול. נמשיך אם איננו בטוחים. במעקב ארוך טווח ראו שגם אנשים שיצאו מהמחלה – מצאו פגיעות קוגניטיביות לאורך זמן באחוז גבוה מהמקרים. איך נבחין קלינית בין מנינגיטיס לאנצפליטיס? אדם שמתנהג מוזר ללא תמונה חריפה הוא בעל אנצפיליטיס. אם התמונה חריפה זה מנינגיטיס בקטריאלי. במנינגיטיס ויראלית התמונה מאוד קלה, האדם יושב מולנו ומתפקד. עם זאת לעתים יש התלבטויות, לעתים יש גם מנינגיאנצפליטיס. If PCR negative and no other support for HSE, stop acyclovir

Con Samaan TB Meningitis Usually insidious: difficult to diagnose in early stages (fever 30%, URTI 20%) Rare in children in developed countries If untreated is usually fatal Meningitis usually occurs 3-6mths after primary infection 1 stage ( lasts 1-2wk, fever malaise, headache ) 2 stage (+/- suddenly, meningeal signs ) 3 stage (worsening neurological condition, death ) Con Samaan

Mortality/Morbidity Bacterial meningitis: Overall mortality 5- 10% Neonatal meningitis: 15-20% Older children: 3-10% Strep. pneumonia: 26-30% H. influenza type B: 7-10% N. meningitidis: 3.5-10% 30% neurological complications 4% Profound bilateral hearing loss (sensory neural) in all bacterial meningitis

Con Samaan Mortality/Morbidity Viral meningio-encephalitis: Enteroviral fewer complications Tuberculous meningitis: related to stage of disease Stage I (30%) morbidity. Stage II (56%) Stage III (94%) Con Samaan

Con Samaan THANK YOU Con Samaan