Fuel consumption measurement in LDVs WLTP 2nd act Working Group Brussels, 17 July 2017 Cosmin Codrea European Commission CLIMA C.4 Road Transport Disclaimer The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not reflect the official European Commission’s view on the subject

A number of sources show an increasing “gap“ between TA CO2 and average real-world under NEDC in the EU of up to around 40% (from an historical gap of around 10-20%). JRC estimate Source: ICCT (2016)

Key Parameters of the Driving Cycles NEDC and WLTC Introduction of the WLTP as of September 2017 Key Parameters of the Driving Cycles NEDC and WLTC   Parameters NEDC WLTP duration (s) 1180 1800 distance (km) 11.03 23.27 av. speed (km/h) 33.6 46.5 maximum speed (km/h) 120 131.3 stop duration (%) 23.7 12.6 constant driving (%) 40.3 3.7 acceleration (%) 20.9 43.8 deceleration (%) 15.1 39.9 av. positive acc. (m/s2) 0.59 0.41 max positive acc. (m/s2) 1.04 1.67 av. positive “speed*acc.” (m2/s3) 1.99 max positive “speed*acc.” (m2/s3) 9.22 21.01 av. deceleration (m/s2) −0.82 −0.45 minimum deceleration (m/s2) −1.39 −1.50

The WLTP is expected to have a significant effect on certified CO2 emissions and their representativeness vs. real-world average The effect is anticipated to be very vehicle-specific depending on the mix of technologies applied

At the same time: strong concerns about the reliability and representativeness of laboratory test procedures over time Commission and Member States are asked to establish: "remote fleet monitoring schemes – making use of ... on-board sensors" EP EMIS Recommendations "targeted ex-post real driving emissions (RDE) methodology for CO2 ... to complement the WLTP ... based on measuring devices already present in vehicles, for example fuel consumption meters (FCM)" EP ENVI Committee "ex-post on-board fuel consumption monitoring" EC Scientific Advice Mechanism (SAM)

At the same time: strong concerns about the reliability and representativeness of laboratory test procedures over time Commission and Member States are asked to establish: "remote fleet monitoring schemes – making use of ... on-board sensors" EP EMIS Recommendations "targeted ex-post real driving emissions (RDE) methodology for CO2 ... to complement the WLTP ... based on measuring devices already present in vehicles, for example fuel consumption meters (FCM)" EP ENVI Committee "ex-post on-board fuel consumption monitoring" EC Scientific Advice Mechanism (SAM)

On-board fuel consumption measurement device Enabling technology needed for robust real-world CO2 monitoring: On-board fuel consumption measurement device State of play: Quantity of injected fuel: key parameter for combustion control Information exists but not standardised to date in terms of OBD access accuracy requirements

Legal Basis: Article 5(3)(e) and (f) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007, "establishing requirements relating to: (e) measurement of greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption; (f) hybrid vehicles and alternative fuel vehicles"

Delineation from EU 2014/0012 (COD) Legal Basis Article 5(3)(e) and (f) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007, "establishing requirements relating to: (e) measurement of greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption; (f) hybrid vehicles and alternative fuel vehicles" Delineation from EU 2014/0012 (COD) No requirements for dashboard display Source: wikipedia

Legal Structure to allow swift implementation (in response to EMIS) and avoid excessive TA burden On-board fuel consumption measurement device Step: self-declaration at TA for all new LDVs as of 2021 Step: verification procedure in subsequent act to use within a framework for robust real-world CO2 monitoring

On-board fuel consumption measurement device Legal Structure to allow swift implementation (in response to EMIS) and avoid excessive TA burden On-board fuel consumption measurement device Step: self-declaration at TA for all new LDVs as of 2021 Step: verification procedure in subsequent act to use within a framework for robust real-world CO2 monitoring WLTP 2nd act

Reference Standards CARB OBD II regulation, section 1968.2 of title 13, California Code of Regulations from July 25, 2016. OBD FCM: phased in as of 2019, fully applicable as of 2021. ISO 15765-4 CAN - OBD communication protocol SAE J1979 < = > ISO 15031-5 SAE J1979-DA (2017 update) message and parameter definitions (digital annex)

Parameters to be determined and stored on-board For Petrol, Diesel, HEVs, PHEVs and BEVs. [Gaseous fuels and FCEVs to be discussed. For BEVs parameters a, c, e, and f would not apply]. a. Total Fuel Consumed (Lifetime) b. Total Distance Travelled (Lifetime) c. Total Fuel Consumed (Recent) d. Total Distance Travelled (Recent) e. Engine fuel rate (instantaneous) f. Vehicle fuel rate (instantaneous) Additional parameters for PHEVs and BEVs g. Total grid energy into the battery (Lifetime) h. Total grid energy into the battery (Recent)

CARB OBD II regulation of 2016 Accuracy requirements (work in progress) Several references: CARB OBD II regulation of 2016 TNO 2013 - "Fuel consumption meter requirements for light-duty vehicles – Final report" JRC measurements (on-going)

Estimates for component cost TNO 2013 estimate: up to €10 (including the dashboard information display) Cost for storing and releasing the few proposed fuel consumption parameters expected to be much lower (mainly software update) CARB 2015 cost estimate for additional ECU memory for all new OBD II requirements: $5.51 (required for 10% of US fleet)

Draft amendment presented to TCMV: 7 September Indicative timing of the regulatory process Draft amendment presented to TCMV: 7 September Discussion at WLTP 2nd act WG: 20-21 September Informal agreement of TCMV: 5 October Vote as part of the WLTP 2nd act: March 2018

References EP EMIS Committee 2017 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/emis/home.html EP ENVI Committee 2017 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=COMPARL&reference=PE-601.214&format=PDF Scientific Advice Mechanism (SAM) HLG Opinion 2016 "Closing the gap" https://ec.europa.eu/research/sam/pdf/sam_co2_emissions_report.pdf#view=fit&pagemode=none TNO 2010 – "Effects of a gear-shift indicator and a fuel economy meter on fuel consumption" https://circabc.europa.eu/webdav/CircaBC/GROW/wltp/Library/WLTP/consumption_meter/121018_legislation/FCM%20-%20GSI%20efficiency%20(TNO).pdf TNO 2013 - "Fuel consumption meter requirements for light-duty vehicles – Final report" https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/ffa5ab82-0bc2-472f-af0c-9d0d82a6b91f CARB OBD II regulation, section 1968.2 of title 13, California Code of Regulations, as approved by OAL on July 25, 2016. https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/obdprog/section1968_2_clean2016.pdf CARB 2015 STAFF REPORT: Technical Status and Proposed Revisions to On-Board Diagnostic System Requirements and Associated Enforcement Provisions for Passenger Cars, Light-Duty Trucks, and Medium-Duty Vehicles and Engines (OBD II) https://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2015/obdii2015/obdii2015isor.pdf