By Mackenzie Broderick Tanzania: The Basics By Mackenzie Broderick Acacia Steinberg Grace Carroll Elizabeth Fields Emily Moore Sydney McIntosh

Background Julius K. Nyerere was born in Butiama, Tanzania, in 1922 He was called Mwalimu, meaning teacher in Swahili, by his people Led Tanzania, as the Chairman, to become an independent state during the first fourth of the century. He eventually stepped down in the 60s

The Independent State of Tanzania Established after the elimination of colonial rule in Africa in 1961. Julius Nyerere elected Prime Minister. Under the rule of Julius Nyerere from April, 1953- mid 1960’s. Introduced to a form of socialism called Ujamma (based on cooperative agriculture) in 1962. Source: http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/15/world/julius-nyerere-of-tanzania-dies-preached-african-socialism-to-the-world.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm

Cold War Positioning Traditionally not aligned with any nation or ideology (Pearson, 198). In 1963, after the independence of Zanzibar and subsequent foreign interest, Nyerere began to seek aid from socialist countries—but only China responded (Pearson, 198). Gradually, China’s funds replaced those from West Germany and Britain, helping to build the Tanzanian railroad (Pearson, 198). Though Tanzania managed to remain non-aligned with Western ideologies, it came into conflict with the neighboring nation of Uganda (Pearson, 199). War broke out between the two nations in 1978, and in April of 1979, Nyerere declared himself the leader of Uganda (Pearson, 199). This war, though brief, racked up $500 million in foreign debts (Pearson, 199).

Single-Party State He believed the single-party state would allow for open debate and proper democratic system TANU (Tanganyika African National Union) was the only political party in Tanzania at that time The candidates had to be a member of TANU and have the support of 25 people. Two of these candidates would be chosen who had to then compete for a seat People were indirectly forced to vote by being asked for their registration card before they could buy anything Because of these elections, voters were able to remove politicians they were unhappy with There could be only one candidate for presidency which was Nyerere. Voters could then vote ‘yes’ or ‘no’ on having him in office. The yes vote won Campaign meetings were muted so that no one could show signs of favoring one side or the other

POLITICAL STRUCTURE Nyerere thought that true democracy would be obtained through a single party system because it would prevent fractional grouping (p. 193) African socialism is based of the idea of the “extended family”, meaning that is creates a community for the benefit of all and doesn’t exploit any man (p. 193 Source A) In 1962 a new constitution was created making Tanzania a Republic led by a president (p. 193) Julius Nyerere won the election in 1962 with 97% of the votes and the intent to establish the country as a single party state (p. 193) In 1965, Nyerere announced the establishment of a single party state which would ensure a proper democratic system and allow open debate (p. 196) Anyone who ran for election was required to be part of TANU (Tanganyika African National Union) (p. 196) which was established the prepare the country for independence (p. 190) The Nation Executive Committee would select two candidates from each faction and let voters elect one of them. This prevented voters from electing their leaders from a full pool of candidates, as they were weeded down during district party conferences. (p. 196) The single party system was further consolidated when TANU and the ASP (Afro-Shirazi Party) (p. 194) merged to form the CCM, the party of the revolution, which is still in power today (p. 196) Nyerere allowed no opposition to his policies (p. 197)

Foreign Policy Key Objective 1: Strengthen National Security Key Objective 2: Supporting Liberation Struggles Nyerere formalized the old East African High Commission to put in a more effective Eastern Federation of States. This led to closer economic trade agreements between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania and the establishment of the East African Community (EAC). Nyerere allowed liberation groups to be established, such as; Pan-African Congress (PAC), the South West African People’s Organization (SWAPO), and the front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO). Nyerere was adamant in supporting these groups.

JULIUS NYERERE