Describe and explain the effect that the industrial revolution had on sport after 1800. Time – limited, 7 day week, Saturday half day Space – none available, urbanisation, spectators, purpose built facilities, parks/playing fields, Travel – available, away fixtures, regional/national, railways, need for rules Education – compulsory, development of PE, Literacy Holidays – less influence from church, industrial holidays, factory teams, animal sports banned, more equipment

Describe the role that National Governing Bodies played in the development of sport. Establish rules Organise competitions Develop coaching Grass root developments National teams Selections Discipline Funding/grants Sponsorship/TV

Current & Future policies School sport suffered because: LA’s selling off playing fields Growth of alternative sports outside of education Increasing difficulty to train teachers in qualifications and specialist subjects Reduction in timetable Reduction in budget

Current & Future Policies 1997 New Labour initiative for promotion of School Sport Sports Colleges Sports Partnerships County Partnerships Accredited awards – GCSE, BTEC, AS Level, SLUK PESSCL’s initiative PESSCL’s – Swimming, Gifted and Talented Register, Sports Partnerships, Sports Colleges, QCA Questioning/monitoring. Draw partnership diagram on the board to describe links between schools.

Current policies PESSCL £500 million hand out in 2002 Again in 2004 85% participating in at least 2 hrs PE and School Sport a week by 2008 Sporting Future for All 2000, Labour emphasis 5 visions: sport in education (SSP’s etc), sport in community, sporting excellence, modernisation and implementation National Framework for Sport superseded

Game Plan Set up in 2002 (UK government) 2020 vision Increase participation of population (70%) 5x 30mins week Success at international competitions 10% increase in sport = 6000 deaths prevented, saving £500 million Talent ID

Lifelong Participation What are the levels on the pyramid? Where does the term lifelong participation fit in? What does Lifelong Participation mean? Students draw pyramid as a re-cap. Fill in the Participation Pyramid Foundation Participation Competition Elite Lifelong Participation fits in on the lowest rung

Constraints on participation Limited due to exclusivity and elitism of some sports (rowing, yachting, riding etc) Lack of time Differing levels of participation Gender? Demands of work and family Golf clubs still have restrictions on who can join (some even have to be ‘proposed and seconded’ by a member), also women restricted to when they are allowed to play – Royal Eastbourne only allowed women the opportunity to play on a Saturday morning!

Constraints on participation Facilities may not be local Participation costs No vacancies Availability Inner city/rural? Expensive/exclusive equipment

Constraints on participation Attitudes of teachers, parents, guardians, family or friends Peer pressure and lack of confidence = lack of acceptance Religious beliefs Traditional stereotyping – feminine and masculine sports Jonathon Edwards refused to Triple Jump on a Sunday. Some muslim women not allowed to show body parts. Some women lacking esteem about their body.

Sport England's participation segments % Population Description Sporty types 20 Participate in sport and keen to continue Mild enthusiasts 16 Participate but could do more Subs bench 44 No participation, though could be persuaded if easy Couch potatoes No participation at all, negative perception

Participation in the UK Adults participating in at least one sporting activity yearly monthly weekly 3 times a week 65.5% 43.2% 31.3% 14.6% (The General Household Survey, ONS 2002)

UK National Audit Office 2001 – Obesity costs the NHS £500 million a year! Wider costs to UK economy costs a further £2 billion a year!

Department of Health 2009 – if the nation continues the way it is…9 out of 10 kids grow up with dangerous levels of fat in their body!

Suggestions… Poor education? Negative perceptions? New technological advances? Transportation advances? Expense? Access?

Requirements for accessing…

Target groups Groups that find it difficult to access sport and recreation Women Low income earners Ethnic minorities Very young Very old Disabled

Policy designed for all individuals, recognising ability levels Identify the theory behind the Sports Development Pyramid and explain the intentions behind each section. Policy designed for all individuals, recognising ability levels Pyramid due to fewer elite than grassroots Foundation – low ability, basic skills, K&U, school PE Participation – increased options, leisure, awareness, HRE, extra curricular Performance/Competition – specialist coaching, club/regional/national Elite/Excellence – national standards, public recognition

Discuss the role of Sports Colleges in the development of SSPs Nearly 500 SC in England PDM based at SC – central figure PDM links with surrounding schools and local facilities SSP achieved through PDM and staff (PLT and SSCO’s alongside PE teachers) SSCO – day to day improving school sport including out of hrs and extra curricular PLT – quality and quantity of PE in their own schools