Fragmentation is the degree to which pieces that make up files are spread across the hard disk.

ToolOperating SystemDescription Chkdsk.exe Windows 9x, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, and Windows XP A command-line tool that enables you to check the hard disk for bad sectors or errors in the file system and then attempt to repair any errors found. Check Disk Windows 2000 and Windows XP A graphical Windows version of the Chkdsk.exe tool. Disk Defragmenter Windows 9x, Windows 2000, and Windows XP Defragments the hard disk by locating fragmented files and moving the pieces of each file or folder to one location on the volume, so each file then occupies a single, contiguous space on the disk. Scan Disk (Scandisk.exe) Windows 9x Automatically corrects damaged files and helps you regain unused disk space. Hard Disk Maintenance Tools

Monitor cleaning wipes Keyboard cleaning wipes Lint-free cleaning cloths Rubbing alcohol Mild household cleaner Cotton swabs Window cleaner Toothpicks Artists paintbrushes Compressed air canister Computer or electronics vacuum Toner cloths Mask Latex gloves

ComponentYou Might Need to Upgrade When Memory Upgrade to the operating system or installation of high-end software requires more RAM. Users report that system response time is slow and you can demonstrate a resultant increase in productivity. Processor Upgrade to the operating system or installation of high-end software requires a faster processor. Users report that system response time is slow and you can double the speed of the machine. System BIOS New hardware component to be installed is not be supported by the current system BIOS. Manufacturer has released a bug fix or security patch. Newer BIOS supports a necessary feature. Power supplyThe power supply isn't adequate. System boards New device or hardware component to be installed isnt supported by the current motherboard. Device needs to be installed but all the motherboard's slots are in use. Indications You Need to Upgrade

ComponentYou Might Need to Upgrade When Network adapter card Current network card doesn't support the current or planned network configuration. Vendor removes support for a legacy device. Hard driveHard drive is running out of free space. Video cards Video card doesn't support application graphics. Video card doesn't support a new monitor. PCMCIA cardsSlots on a new notebook don't support your current cards. Bus Motherboard is incompatible. Necessary system component is not supported. Device drivers Bugs need to be fixed. The performance of your computer needs to be enhanced. Indications You Need to Upgrade (Cont.)

1. Determine the components that you need to upgrade. 2. Determine the total cost of upgrading all components and compare this to the cost of a system replacement. 3. Determine the business requirements for the upgrade. 4. Determine the budget you have available. 5. Perform a cost/benefit analysis.

Physical data Toxicity Health effects First aid Reactivity Storage Safe handling and use precautions Disposal Protective equipment Spill/leak procedures A cable modem connects via an RG-59 coaxial cable An RJ-45 cable connects from the cable modem to the network card