Colonial Model Overview

The Rise of the Nation State Rise of Nation States –What are the characteristics of a nation state? How are nation states formed? Characteristics: NATION: Common culture (language, religion, ethnicity, etc) STATE: Standing army created & maintained to establish/maintain sovereignty (requires money) STATE: Growing administrative bureaucracy to collect taxes and manage the state (requires money) *Rise of nation states = need for revenue ($)

Spanish Domestic Overview 1469 Spain unified into a nation state Ferdinand & Isabella Allied with the Church in Rome 1481 Spanish Inquisition Spain purged of Jews & Muslims consolidate authority confiscate property ($$$) create a common culture 1492 The Golden Age of Spain Key events in order of importance 3. Voyage of Columbus 2. Inquisition completed 1. Reconquista after 700+ years

Spanish Strengths & Weaknesses Spain is unified after Inquisition & Reconquista Large # of military veterans and a sizable military caste (Hidalgos) Militant clergy with the Church’s blessing Experience with colonization in the Canary Islands (disease, forced labor, slavery) Interaction in the Mediterranean Sea with Italians & Muslim merchants Military advantages: firearms, horses, war dogs, armor

Spanish Colonial Model Colonial Organization No tradition of democracy or upward social mobility Spain total control over colonies Organized into viceroyalties with a crown appointed governor Transplanted rigid Spanish caste system Utilized the Mission/Presidio System Church had vast power & wealth

Spanish Colonial Model Interaction with Native Americans Forced conversions & labor via the Encomienda System (NAs = vassals) NAs resented & resisted conversions Intermarriage over time = mestizos Gradual incorporation of some NA spiritual practices into the Catholic faith

French Domestic Overview Political & Religious Turmoil Hundred Years War French Wars of Religion Desire to build a nation state drove French Kings to fund exploration Verrazano Cartier Samuel de Champlain

French Strengths & Weaknesses Large country Large population Large bureaucracy that helped monarchs survive frequent wars Weaknesses: Frequent wars

French Colonial Model Organization: Almost exclusively a commercial endeavor (Furs & Fishing) Sent the fewest # of settlers Utilized inland waterways No tradition of democracy or political participation

French Colonial Model Interaction with Native Americans Early dependence on NAs for survival & profit (furs) Intermarried with NAs early on Acted as a “new tribe” First to trade guns with NAs Religion – No forced conversions, Jesuits lived among the NAs, learned the language

English Domestic Overview Political & Religious Turmoil 1455-85 War of the Roses (Civil War) 1485 Henry VII establishes the Tudor Dynasty 1497 John Cabot claims lands in North America for England 1509-47 Henry VIII builds a nation state (needs $$$) 1534 Henry VIII breaks with Catholic Church and seizes church lands 1559-1603 Elizabeth I At war with Spain for much of her reign, 1585/87 Raleigh establishes Roanoke 1588 Spanish Armada

English Strengths & Weaknesses Economic liberalism – Early commitment to centralized, market economy (banking with deposits, checks, investments) Emerging capitalism with max profits, market determined pricing History of limited government Weaknesses: Early colonial efforts are privately funded Motivation for some early colonists doomed colonists to suffering/death Frequent threat from Spain

English Colonial Model Irish Experience establishment of plantations (colonies) expelled Irish from their lands no mixing with Irish (or Indians) English more sensitive to cultural differences

English Colonial Model In America: few professional soldiers in the new world many of the early colonies were private business ventures, not state sponsored little positive interaction with Native Americans early reliance on indentured servitude for labor, later largely replaced with African slave labor