Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy tri – 3 di – 2 aero – air an – without glyco - sugar Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP 2007-2008

All Living Things Need Energy! Animals are energy consumers What do we need energy for? synthesis (building) reproduction active transport (pumping) movement temperature control (making heat) Which is to say… if you don’t eat, you die… because you run out of energy. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics takes over!

Where do we get energy? Energy is stored in organic molecules carbohydrates, fats, proteins Animals eat these organic molecules  food digest food to get fuels for energy (ATP) raw materials for building more molecules carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids We eat to take in the fuels to make ATP which will then be used to help us build biomolecules and grow and move and… live! heterotrophs = “fed by others” vs. autotrophs = “self-feeders”

Adenosine TriPhosphate What is energy in biology? ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate Whoa! HOT stuff!

Hydro = water Lys = to split or break Energy! ATP energy lies in its phosphate tails… When the phosphates are broken apart, energy is released. H2O Hydrolysis = process of adding H2O to ATP to break the phosphate bonds. Hydro = water Lys = to split or break

glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular respiration breaking down food to produce ATP in mitochondria using oxygen usually digesting glucose but could be other sugars, fats, or proteins glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy dioxide Movement of hydrogen atoms from glucose to water C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP  + + heat

What do we need to make energy? The “Furnace” for making energy mitochondria Fuel food carbohydrates, fats, proteins The Helpers oxygen “aerobic” enzymes food ATP O2

Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells

“Burn fuels” to make energy Combustion making heat energy by burning fuels in one step CO2 + H2O + heat fuel (carbohydrates) O2 AEROBIC RESPIRATION making ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps Movement of hydrogen atoms from glucose to water O2 ATP Food (carbohydrates) CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat)

ADP-ATP CYCLE 3 phosphates 2 phosphates Can’t store ATP ATP too unstable only used in cell that produces it only short term energy storage carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage Adenosine TRIphosphate WORK Adenosine DIphosphate ADP + P 2 phosphates A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

GLYCOLYSIS = SPLITTING GLUCOSE ATP ATP Pyruvic Acid Pyruvic Acid

Cycles 36 times! Carbon Krebs Cycle NAD & NADH Citric Acid C C C FAD & FADH NAD+ NADH ATP C as CO2 FAD FADH2 C C C C C C C C Energy NAD+ NADH NAD+ NADH C C C C C as CO2 ATP ADP C C C C C NAD+ NADH C as CO2 Cycles 36 times!

Electron Transport Chain Produces 36 ATP by bouncing electrons (e-) down the chain. e- ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP

ATP with or without Oxygen! Aerobic = with oxygen makes ATP using O2 O2 Yeast Anaerobic = without oxygen makes ATP without using O2 O2 but only makes a little bit of ATP!

No Oxygen?...Try Fermentation! but only makes a little bit of ATP! Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) ALCOHOL fermentation - yeast glucose  ATP + CO2+ alcohol make beer, wine, bread LACTIC ACID fermentation - bacteria, animals glucose  ATP + lactic acid bacteria make yogurt animals feel muscle fatigue O2 but only makes a little bit of ATP!

TEST TIPS! Some topics like the Krebs Cycle can be overwhelming to study. Try drawing and labeling them with words that make sense to you. TEST TIPS! TEST TIPS! TEST TIPS!