What is it that makes up an atom? Essential Question Biochemistry What is it that makes up an atom? 10.8.2007

description of shape, mass, volume melting point, boiling point Biochemistry Matter Properties physical property description of shape, mass, volume melting point, boiling point chemical property structure of molecules which make up substance how substance reacts with another

a substance that can not be broken down into a simpler substance Biochemistry Matter Elements element a substance that can not be broken down into a simpler substance 25 elements are essential to life CHNOPS – 6 greatest

Biochemistry Matter atom smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element

center, contains neutrons & protons neutrons mass (1.009u) Biochemistry Atoms atom structure nucleus center, contains neutrons & protons neutrons mass (1.009u) carries no charge, neutral = n0 protons (1.007u) carries a positive charge = p+

Atoms atom structure electron (5.486 x 10-4u) electrons carry Biochemistry Atoms atom structure electron (5.486 x 10-4u) electrons carry a negative charge = e-

electrons orbit nucleus in separate energy levels or clouds Biochemistry Atoms atom structure electron electrons orbit nucleus in separate energy levels or clouds

Biochemistry Atoms

total mass of protons, neutrons, & electrons atomic symbol Biochemistry Atoms periodic table atomic number number of protons atomic mass total mass of protons, neutrons, & electrons atomic symbol 1or 2 letter symbol for element symbol

Essential Question How are covalent and ionic bonds different? Biochemistry How are covalent and ionic bonds different? What is an example of each? 10.9.2007

two or more atoms chemically bonded together Biochemistry chemical bonds chemical bond two or more atoms chemically bonded together ex: oxygen gas, water, glucose molecular formula uses atomic symbols to represent atoms bound together in a compound ex: O2, H2O, C6H12O6

ex: water, sugars, proteins ionic bond Biochemistry chemical bonds covalent bond atoms share electrons ex: water, sugars, proteins ionic bond attractive force between ions of opposite charge

Biochemistry chemical bonds covalent bond ionic bond

Essential Question What ions are released by Biochemistry What ions are released by an acid in water? By a base? 10.10.2007

Mixtures and solutions mixture Biochemistry Mixtures and solutions mixture combination of substances in which individuals retain individual properties ex: mixed sugar and sand, oil and water solution mixture of one or more solutes are evenly distributed in a solvent ex: salt in water

Mixtures and solutions solution solute Biochemistry Mixtures and solutions solution solute substance which dissolves ex: sugar solvent holds dissolved substance ex: water the greater the solute = greater the concentration

Acids and bases pH acid base Biochemistry measure of how acidic or basic a solution is acid forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water pH below 7 base forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water pH above 7

Biochemistry Acids and bases

molecule with uneven distribution of charge Biochemistry Water polar molecule molecule with uneven distribution of charge water is polar, O atom pulls e-’s from H atoms

Biochemistry Water hydrogen bond weak attraction between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in different molecules

water resists temperature change water expands when it freezes Biochemistry Water properties of water water resists temperature change water expands when it freezes cohesion water molecules attracted to each other adhesion water molecules attracted to sides of container

water resists temperature change Biochemistry Water properties of water water resists temperature change

water expands when it freezes Biochemistry Water properties of water water expands when it freezes

Water molecules attracted to each other Biochemistry Water cohesion Water molecules attracted to each other

Water molecules attracted to sides of container Biochemistry Water adhesion Water molecules attracted to sides of container

compounds with same number elements but different structure Biochemistry More compounds isomer compounds with same number elements but different structure

Small molecule that can be bound to other monomers to form polymers Biochemistry More compounds monomer Small molecule that can be bound to other monomers to form polymers polymer larger molecule formed from smaller subunits

Small molecule that can be bound to other monomers to form polymers Biochemistry More compounds monomer Small molecule that can be bound to other monomers to form polymers polymer larger molecule formed from smaller subunits

larger molecule formed from smaller subunits Biochemistry More compounds polymer larger molecule formed from smaller subunits

Biochemistry More compounds polymer

used by cells to store and release energy 1:2:1 C:H:O Biochemistry Macromolecules carbohydrates used by cells to store and release energy 1:2:1 C:H:O ex: glucose C6H12O6

Macromolecules carbohydrates monomer → polymer monosaccharide Biochemistry Macromolecules carbohydrates monomer → polymer monosaccharide glucose, fructose disaccharide sucrose polysaccharide cellulose, glycogen

Macromolecules carbohydrates monomer → polymer monomer polymer Biochemistry Macromolecules carbohydrates monomer → polymer monomer polymer monosaccharide glucose, fructose disaccharide sucrose polysaccharide cellulose, glycogen

Biochemistry Macromolecules carbohydrates monosaccharides

Biochemistry Macromolecules carbohydrates disaccharides

Biochemistry Macromolecules carbohydrates polysaccharides verbascose

What are the components of a Essential Question Biochemistry What are the components of a lipid and of a protein? 10.17.2007

used for energy storage, insulation, protection Biochemistry Macromolecules lipids used for energy storage, insulation, protection ex fats, waxes and oils nonpolar, does not dissolve in water contains CHO

Biochemistry Macromolecules lipids glycerol head 3 fatty acid tails

Biochemistry Macromolecules lipids glycerol head 3 fatty acid tails

large proportion of C–H bonds saturated fats Biochemistry Macromolecules lipids large proportion of C–H bonds saturated fats C atoms in tail all have single (C–C) bonds unsaturated fats C at least 1 double bond (C=C) in tail

Biochemistry Macromolecules lipids

used for growth, maintenance, and repair Biochemistry Macromolecules Proteins used for growth, maintenance, and repair used as structure for tissues and organs contain CHON

formed using peptide bonds (covalent bond) Biochemistry Macromolecules proteins polymer of amino acids formed using peptide bonds (covalent bond)

Biochemistry Macromolecules proteins amino acids (monomer)

Macromolecules proteins peptide bonds bond between amino acids Biochemistry Macromolecules proteins peptide bonds bond between amino acids

Biochemistry Macromolecules proteins

Biochemistry Macromolecules proteins

increase rate of metabolic reactions Biochemistry Macromolecules proteins enzyme increase rate of metabolic reactions induced fit (lock and key) mechanism

induced fit (lock and key) Biochemistry Macromolecules proteins enzyme induced fit (lock and key)

stores cellular information polymer of nucleotides contains CHONP Biochemistry Macromolecules nucleic acids stores cellular information polymer of nucleotides contains CHONP

genetic information for whole cell RNA copies DNA to form protein Biochemistry Macromolecules nucleic acids DNA genetic information for whole cell RNA copies DNA to form protein

polymer of nucleotides Biochemistry Macromolecules nucleic acids polymer of nucleotides

Biochemistry Macromolecules nucleic acids

Biochemistry Reactions chemical equations 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Reactions chemical equations 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O products reactantants Biochemistry Reactions chemical equations 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O products reactantants

# of atoms on each side of reaction must be balanced Biochemistry Reactions chemical equations 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O # of atoms on each side of reaction must be balanced coefficients must be balanced __ C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O

dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) Biochemistry Reactions chemical equations dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) two subunits make polymer water is released 2C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O

dehydration synthesis Biochemistry Reactions chemical equations dehydration synthesis

Reactions chemical equations hydrolysis H2O splits bond Biochemistry Reactions chemical equations hydrolysis H2O splits bond two subunits created C12H22O11 + H2O → 2C6H12O6

Biochemistry Reactions chemical equations hydrolysis

lowers activation energy acts as catalysts, speeds up rate of reaction Biochemistry Reactions enzymes lowers activation energy acts as catalysts, speeds up rate of reaction induced fit model (lock and key)

changed after released by enzyme enzyme active site Biochemistry Reactions enzymes substrate changed after released by enzyme enzyme active site where substrate binds to enzyme can be used over and over

Biochemistry Reactions enzymes

Biochemistry Reactions enzymes