January 2, 2018 Happy New Years! New Year new mind set!  Please pick up handouts at the front

Copy these key terms down on your chart Industrialization Cottage Industry Crop rotation Enclosure movement Urbanization Tenements Labor union

The Industrial Revolution 1760 - 1990 The Industrial Revolution

Industrialization When a region or country’s economy goes from being based on agriculture (farming) to being based on mechanized manufacturing (factories)

Revolutions Industrial Revolution England, United States, France have all had political revolutions This new type of revolution changes the way people live and work Begins in Britain in the mid- 1700s Mostly refers to how machines helped people do their jobs faster Huge impact on society Revolutions Political Revolutions Industrial Revolution

Starts with Agriculture What’s agriculture? England in the early 1700s was covered in small farms Mostly cottage industry  business/manufacturing at home Wealthy landowners start buying up smaller farms and create large farms Built fences and hedges around these properties – called enclosures Starts with Agriculture

Enclosures Allowed farmers to work bigger fields Two results Merged smaller fields into one larger one Allowed farmers to experiment with new planting and harvesting methods Two results Rapid increase in productivity Forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or leave farms altogether for cities Enclosures

Improved farming methods Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill machine that drills small holes in the ground to make sure seeds can germinate  huge increase in crop yields Crop Rotation Switching different types of crops to group every year  restored nutrients to soil This proves to be a huge boost to agricultural productivity

Improved farming methods Livestock Better breeding practices & increase crop  increase meat production More crops, more meat = healthier people Healthier people = MORE people From 1700 to 1786 the average weight of a lamb went from 18 to 50 pounds as a result

Population explosion More people  more demand for manufactured goods Clothes, household goods, tools, etc 3 Reasons helped Britain industrialize 1st Natural resources Strong economic system (banking, etc) Political stability

Natural Resources Rivers, coal, iron ore Water power (rivers) & coal to fuel factories Iron ore to construct machines Rivers for inland transportation Harbors that could handle trading ships

Economic resources Stable banking system Farmers and businessmen could take out loans (unheard of in much of the world) Lots of trade overseas (India, United States, other British colonies in Africa and Asia) Overall good feelings made people very positive about the future

Political stability Britain involved in many wars in the 1700s  none were fought on British soil Military success led population to believe in the future of Britain Not an absolute monarchy  Parliament passed laws that protected business ventures

Inventions New machines were invented that revolutionized Britain’s textile industry 1733 – a flying shuttle  help weavers access wool faster 1764 – spinning jenny  allowed weavers to weave numerous threads at one time flying shuttle spinning jenny

1769 – water frame  give power to the spinning jenny 1779 – both combined into a spinning mule, created much stronger thread 1787 – power loom  weave fabric faster than ever spinning mule power loom

Factories First ones were built by rivers since they needed water power to run looms, water frames, etc. These factories (or mills) needed more cotton Britain becomes dependent on cotton from US Eli Whitney (US) invents the cotton gin which separates out seeds from cotton Cotton production in US goes from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in just 20 years

Transportation James Watt (Scotland) invents a steam engine in 1765 Steam ship invented by Robert Fulton (American) using Watt’s engine First steamship carried passengers on the Hudson River in New York in 1807 Canals start being built all over England Over 4000 miles of canals in England by 1820 – goods transported by steam boats or horse drawn barges all across England

canals Man-made waterway created to allow for ships to come inland

Transportation macadam McAdam (Scotland) invents a technique of laying huge rocks in the ground, and covering them with finely crushed rock  paved roads Private businessmen start to build roads and charge people to use them – toll roads, or turnpikes become common in England macadam

Richard Trevithick (England) invents a steam locomotive (train) in 1804 George Stephenson builds the first railroad line in 1821 – for coal miners Coal could be ship across the country Railway age begins

Liverpool-Manchester railway line built in 1829 First run was a 13-ton load pulled by Stephenson’s locomotive at the breakneck speed of  21 mph

Railways revolutionize Britain Manufacturers could ship goods faster and cheaply across the country Hundreds of thousands of new jobs for coal miners and railway workers Agriculture and fishing industries took off since they could ship their goods all over People living in the country could take jobs in cities