Classification

The science of classifying organisms is called taxonomy The “father of modern taxonomy” was Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) Organisms are grouped into “taxa” based on their similarities to each other 1707-1778

6 Kingdom Proposal Archebacteria EUbacteria 6 Kingdom Classification System Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria (formerly in kingdom monera) Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles (formerly in kingdom monera) Kingdom Protista (same) Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

3 Domain System: Archaea: prokaryotes; extremophiles Eubacteria: prokaryotes; true bacteria Eukarya: eukaryotes Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Organisms are grouped into smaller and smaller groups all the way down to their species A species is the most specific grouping and includes only organisms that can interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspring

Did King Philip Come Over For Gold Specks? Taxa

Binomial Nomenclature Ursus americanus American Black Bear Binomial Nomenclature: “a two-name system” First part of name: genus first letter always capitalized Second part of name: species first letter always lowercase Entire name is underlined and italicized Names must be submitted for acceptance by original discoverer, and are generally Latin or Latinized

Often Latin names contain clues about the type of organism being described. Canis domesticus And closely related organisms are often in the same genus, also giving clues about their names Canis lupus Some names are given after the discoverer, or the discovery location, or even a Latinized descriptive term in English

Domain Archaea Formerly part of the kingdom monera Microbiologists who study bacteria determined that the DNA of these are much different from other, true bacteria Most Archaea live in extreme conditions (very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)

Domain Eubacteria Formerly a part of the kingdom monera Name means “true bacteria” These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be used in the making of cheese Bacilli Streptococcus Staphylococcus Dicoccus Spirilla

Domain Eukarya Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms with a nucleus in their cells) Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Kingdom Protista Animal-Like (Protozoans) Fungus-Like Plant-Like Paramecium Giardia Amoeba Fungus-Like Includes All Protists: Eukaryotic Unicellular Animal-Like Protists (protozoans) Pseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic) Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Green/Red/Brown Algae Fungus-Like Protists Examples: Water molds, slime molds Plant-Like Water Mold Slime Mold Diatom Euglena Green Algae Brown Algae Dinoflagellates

Kingdom Fungi All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile organisms Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichens Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to absorb more water and nutrients from the soil

Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Kingdom Plantae Primitive Plants Bryophyte (Moss) Pteridophyte(Fern) Complex Plants Pteridophyte(Fern) All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organisms Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxide Common Phyla: Bryophyta (mosses) Pteridophyta (ferns) Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees) Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like flowering plants Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Angiosperm; Dicot Angiosperm; Monocot

Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Nematoda Platyhelminthes All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile (most) organisms Common Phyla: Porifera (sponges, corral) Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals) Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms) Nematoda (small unsegmented worms) Platyhelminthes

Arthropoda Chordata Annelida Molluska Echinodermata Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..) Annelida (segmented worms) Echinodermata (starfish and anemones) Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders) Chordata (those with spinal chords) Molluska Echinodermata

Human Classification Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapien

Dichotomous Keys 1a. Organism has 4 legs Go to # 2 1b. Organism has more than 4 legs Go to # 20 2a. Organism has a tail Go to # 3 2b. Organism has no tail Go to # 35 3a. Organism has stripes Bengal Tiger 3b. Organism has no stripes African Lion Used to help identify unknown specimen Work by asking yes or no questions whose answers lead the reader to the correct taxa for the organism

Dichotomous Key Try this one: 1a. Organism walks on all 4 legs (quadruped) 2 1b. Organism walks on 2 legs (biped) 8 2a. Organism has visible fur 3 2b. Organism has no visible fur 20 3a. Organism lives in warm climates 7 3b. Organism lives in cold climates 4 4a. Organism has brown or black fur Ursus americanus 4b. Organism has white fur Ursus maritimus

Note Guide Who was Linnaeus? What are taxa? The old classification system is: The new classification system choices are: 1. 2. How are organisms scientifically named? What is the difference between the 3 domains? 3. Name and describe the differences between the 4 kingdoms in Eukarya: 4.

Note Guide (pg. 2) Name and describe (or give an example of) each of the 10 phyla in Animalia: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. How would you fully classify a human? What is the purpose of a dichotomous key? How do you read a dichotomous key?