If it can’t be grown, it’s gotta be mined Mineral Resources If it can’t be grown, it’s gotta be mined

We depend on minerals for everyday products:

definition Something that can, and is, mined for use by humans Includes such things as metals, coal, oil/gas, gravel, marble, etc. Ore deposit: a rock in which mineral resources are concentrated Economic ore deposit: an ore deposit which can be mined profitably

Profitablilty depends on Level of concentration Location Energy costs (transportation, milling, mining, refining) Price of the resource Labor costs “environmental” costs

Break into two basic types: Metallic ore deposits The metals – iron, aluminum, rare earths, copper, etc. Non-metallic ore deposits Sand, gravel, marble, gemstones

Now, let’s take a look at a few in some detail.

Aluminum 8% of the crust, needs to be concentrated (naturally) 3-4x. It’s everywhere. VERY tough to process – extremely high energy costs

Bauxite (aluminum). Million metric tons per year. USGS 2005

Alcoa in Wenatchee. Recycling is good….. Look at list of major smelters, compare to mining: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aluminium_sm elters

Deposits form from…. Extremely intense chemical weathering of granitic rocks. Requires hot, wet environments.

Iron Crustal abundance, 5.8% Concentration factor 6-7x Also very common. Again, need to find it in the right form

Steel production

Copper Crustal abundance 0.0058 Concentration factor 100-200x Primary uses Copper wiring to transmit power Radiators on cars Copper alloys for buildings, downspouts, ships, etc.

Uranium Crustal abundance 0.00016 Concentration factor 500-1000x Often weathering does this! Oxidation. Primary uses Nuclear fuel in reactors Nukes Depleted uranium tipped weapons

Production. Tons/year Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Kazakhstan 6637 8521 14020 17803 19451 21317 22451 23127 Canada 9476 9000 10173 9783 9145 8999 9331 9134 Australia 8611 8430 7982 5900 5983 6991 6350 5001 Niger  3153 3032 3243 4198 4351 4667 4518 4057 Namibia 2879 4366 4626 4496 3258 4495 4323 3255 Russia 3413 3521 3564 3562 2993 2872 3135 2990 Uzbekistan (est) 2320 2338 2429 2400 2500 USA 1654 1430 1453 1660 1537 1596 1792 1919 China (est) 712 769 750 827 885 1500 Ukraine (est) 846 800 840 850 890 960 922 926

Largest Uranium Reserves In The World Rank Country Uranium Reserves (metric tons) 1 Australia 1,706,100 2 Kazakhstan 679,300 3 Russian Fed 505,900 4 Canada 493,900 5 Niger 404,900 6 Namibia 382,800 7 South Africa 338,100 8 Brazil 276,100 9 USA 207,400 10 China 199,100 11 Mongolia 141,500 12 Ukraine 117,700 13 Uzbekistan 91,300

Rare Earth Elements (REEs) Huh. They’re super rare. And need insane concentrations to be mined. And are super useful – especially in our modern world. In fact, it’s only been the past few decades when they became relevant or important.

First, S Africa, then US, now, china.

https://investingnews https://investingnews.com/daily/resource- investing/critical-metals-investing/rare-earth- investing/rare-earth-producing-countries/ https://www.ft.com/content/2c3dea3e-3fc2- 11e7-82b6-896b95f30f58

REE 97% mined in China (2010) – including ALL the heavy REEs

Insane geopolitical implications.

Diamonds Not particularly rare Many industrial applications – hardest naturally occurring substance (Wurtzite boron nitride [synthetic] and lonsdaleite [which comes from meteorites] are both harder.) DeBeers… sigh…. Blood diamonds “Champagne” Diamonds

diamonds

Extracting and processing mineral resources impacts the environment.

Strip mining is used in areas where the land is flat and the resource-deposit seam is horizontal and close to the surface.

Open-pit mining is used when the top of an ore deposit is close to the surface. Drilling and blasting loosen the rock.

Placer mining is used when sediments contain heavy metals like gold.

Subsurface mining is used when deposits are deep underground or in mountainous areas.

Mining also comes with significant social impacts.

“The real question is not ‘do we have enough [mineral resources],’ but rather ‘how far are we willing to go to access what we know is there?” -George Rossman, geologist, California Institute of Technology

We can minimize mining impacts through conservation.

Aluminum Recycling: A Success Story

Alternatives That Reduce Our Use of Mineral Resources:

“We’ve gone kind of upgrade mad in this country “We’ve gone kind of upgrade mad in this country. If we used our cell phones and laptops until they naturally expired … we could really make a difference.” -Brendan Cummings, environmental attorney, Center for Biological Diversity

Talk about landfill mining a bit

Cell phones? https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/r esources/highschool/chemmatters/past- issues/archive-2014-2015/smartphones.html http://gizmodo.com/the-metals-in-your-phone- arent-just-rare-theyre-irre-1477904295 Recycle that stuff! http://www.electronicproducts.com/Computer_S ystems/Standalone_Mobile/How_much_precious_ metal_is_in_your_iPhone.aspx