What is Classification?

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What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”??

Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers

Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today

Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species)

Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin

Classification Groups There is a hierarchy of groups from broadest to most specific Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Sewage treatment plants, thermal vents, etc. Kingdom - Monera Archaea live in harsh environments and may represent the first cells to have evolved. Sewage treatment plants, thermal vents, etc.

Many bacteria are important environmentally and commercially. Kingdom - Monera Eubacteria, some cause human diseases, are present in almost all habitats Live in the intestines of animals Many bacteria are important environmentally and commercially.

Kingdom Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic

Kingdom - Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin

Kingdom - Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death.

Kingdom - Animalia Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals

Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins

Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism