Classification Evolution Standards

Historical background Aristotle – first to classify living things. -two major groups... plants and animals. Plants separated by size (structure) ... herbs, shrubs, and trees. Animals grouped by where they lived ...land, sea, or air. http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/biology/bio2000/biomovies/e20_1int.html Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) a Swedish naturalist "Father of Taxonomy" developed the system we use to name organisms today. 

Levels of classification: Kingdom Phyla Class Order Family Genus Species

Species to Kingdom We will talk about the smallest, most specific to the largest, most general SPECIES - a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding

Species name has 2 parts: System known as binomial nomenclature Genus (capitalized & italicized) identifier – descriptive word (italicized) EX. Homo sapiens, Panthera tigris, Panthera leo

How can a new species develop? Geographic speciation - physical means such as the breaking up of a land mass so that a sea separates the group Sympatric speciation - behavioral such as one group of females in a species preferring males with long tails while another group of females in the group preferring short tails

In other words… Separate groups of organisms belonging to the same species may adapt in different ways to better utilize diverse environments or resources. They also may evolve varied characteristics for attracting mates. That is, different groups evolve in different directions. Over time, these groups or populations may become so different that they can no longer breed together--separate species are formed.

Modern system of classification of Kingdoms

The Six Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals

How are organism placed into their kingdoms? Cell type, complex or simple The number of cells in their body Their ability to make food

Kingdom Cell type Number of cells Nutrition Archaebacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Auto/heterotrophy Eubacteria Protista Eukaryotic Uni/multicellular Fungi Heterotrophy Plantae Multicellular Auto (rarely) Heterotrophy Animalia

Animals largest kingdom many complex cells heterotrophs Sumatran Tiger Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Panthera Species: tigris

Plants contains - flowering plants, mosses, and ferns. all multicellular with complex cells. Autotrophs second largest kingdom. Without plants, life on Earth would not exist! Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs on Earth. Wow!

Fungi Mushrooms, mold and mildew multicellular and many complex cells cannot make their own food obtain food from parts of plants that are decaying in the soil.

Archaebacteria found in extreme environments such as hot boiling water and thermal vents on seafloor with no oxygen or highly acid environments (likes salty water) Mammoth Hot Springs at Yellowstone National Park Tubeworms living near a vent on floor in Pacific Ocean

Eubacteria complex and single celled found everywhere classified in their own kingdom because their chemical makeup is different. Streptococci

Protists Slime molds and algae Complex cells Most are unicellular members are so different from one another. all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not animals, not plants and not fungi. Not in the Archaebacteria or Eubacteria kingdoms. because, unlike bacteria, protists are complex cells. These delicate looking diatoms are classified in the protist kingdom.

References http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/Index.htm http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/w/x/wxm15/Online/Taxonomy/taxonomy_lec01.htm http://darwin.nmsu.edu/~molb470/fall2005/projects/pan/images/PhylogeneticTreeOfLife.jpg http://www.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_3846_404_1617_43/http%3B/public-content%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/ecological_issues/genetic_biodiversity/phylogenetic_trees_intro/tree.gif http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/Biologicaldiverstity/Classification/cladogram_1.gif http://www.geocities.com/missneill/cyanobacteria.jpg http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255hist/mcb1.1a.jpg http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Pharmacology/dc-bits/fungi-pics1-04m.jpg