Phonology
Phonetics Articulatory How sounds are produced
Phonetics Articulatory How sounds are produced Acoustic The properties of the sound waves produced by speakers
Phonology Study of how sounds are organized into a system
Phonology Study of how sounds are organized into a system Organization is a cognitive process Phonology is study of mental not physical processes
Phonology Some linguists study phonology as a system apart from human cognition They don’t test their ideas with psychological experiments They base them mainly on patterns found in the language
Phonology Some linguists study phonology as a system apart from human cognition They don’t test their ideas with psychological experiments They base them mainly on patterns found in the language What they find is what people must handle somehow, but it says nothing about how they actually handle it
Phonology Some linguists study phonology as a system apart from human cognition They don’t test their ideas with psychological experiments They base them mainly on patterns found in the language What they find is what people must handle somehow, but it says nothing about how they actually handle it These theories often assume abstractions not present in speech and not testable by experimentation
Phonology Other linguists focus on how people actually process language Often called psycholinguists They carry out experiments They ask how people handle patterns in the language They accept abstractions that have experimental verification e.g. the existence of phonemes, the syllable
How many different individuals? Our analysis is based on distribution (where found)
How many different individuals? There are 1 to 4 different individuals
How many different individuals? If two characters appear in different places they may be the same individual This is complementary distribution
How many different individuals? If two characters appear in different places they may be the same individual This is complementary distribution If two characters appear in the same place they must be different individuals This is contrastive distribution
How many different individuals? Are Batman and Spiderman in contrastive or complementary distribution?
How many different individuals? Who is in complementary distribution?
How many different individuals? Who is in complementary distribution? So Bruce is either Batman or Spiderman Or Peter is either Batman or Spiderman Or Bruce is Peter (which we can rule out)
How many different individuals? Who is in complementary distribution? So Bruce is either Batman or Spiderman Or Peter is either Batman or Spiderman Or Bruce is Peter (which we can rule out) Notice that Batman can’t be Spiderman too
How many different individuals? Are Batman and Spiderman in contrastive or complementary distribution?
How many different individuals? Are Batman and Spiderman in contrastive or complementary distribution? Contrastive. They appeared in SAME place so they must be DIFFERENT individuals
How many different individuals? Are Batman and Spiderman in contrastive or complementary distribution? Contrastive. They appeared in SAME place so they must be DIFFERENT individuals We put different individuals in / /
How many different individuals? This narrows it to 2 possibilities. Possibility ONE Peter Parker transforms into Batman. Bruce Wayne transforms in to Spiderman. Peter Parker travels from NYC to Gotham to fight bad guys.Bruce Wayne travels from Gotham City to NYC to fight bad guys.
How many different individuals? This narrows it to 2 possibilities. Possibility TWO Peter Parker transforms into Spiderman. Bruce Wayne transforms in to Batman. No one has to travel to another city in order to fight crime so this situation is more plausible.
How many different phonemes? What is distr. of [T, t, d, D]?
How many different phonemes? What is distr. of [T, t, d, D]? T word initially, internally, finally t word initially, internally, finally D word initially, internally, finally d word initially, internally, finally
How many different phonemes? What is distr. of [T, t, d, D]? T word initially, internally, finally t word initially, internally, finally D word initially, internally, finally d word initially, internally, finally All 4 in SAME position so they are DIFFERENT phonemes /D/ – [D] /d/ – [d] /T/ – [t] /t/ – [t]
How many different phonemes? What is distr. of voiced vs. voiceless nasals?
How many different phonemes? What is distr. of voiced vs. voiceless nasals? Voiced appear word initially and finally Voiceless appear after [h]
How many different phonemes? What is distr. of voiced vs. voiceless nasals? Voiced appear word initially and finally Voiceless appear after [h] Voiced and voiceless nasals appear in DIFFERENT contexts so they are instances of the SAME phoneme /m/ ---- [m] \ [m̥] The phoneme /m/ has two phonetic realizations (allophones) The voiceless allophone appears after [h] The voiced allophone appears elsewhere
Y diagrams Korean [s] vs. [š] #sƏ usu #sa esu #su lsu #sæ #še uši
Y diagrams Korean [s] vs. [š] #sƏ usu #sa esu #su lsu #sæ #še uši Both appear word initially and after [u]
Y diagrams Korean [s] vs. [š] #sƏ usu #sa esu #su lsu #sæ #še uši Both appear word initially and after [u], but [s] never appears before [i, e] while [š] exclusively appears before [i, e] so they are in complementary distribution
Y diagrams Korean [s] vs. [š] /s/ ---- [s] \ [š] [š] appears before [i, e] (non-low front vowels) [s] appears elsewhere [s] and [š] are not constrastive. They can’t change word meaning. [s] and [š] are instances of the same thing (e.g. Peter Parker and Spiderman)